UNIT 2 FINAL TEST (Skeletal, movement, muscular) Flashcards
Skeletal, movement, and muscular
5 functions of the skeletal system
- Structure (bear the weight of the body, bind the framework)
- Protection (encircle essential organs - ribs, heart, lungs)
- Storage (minerals, fat in marrow)
- Manufacturine (make RBC and RBM)
- Movement (bones create the framework for motion)
Flat bones
thin, curve, 2 layers of compact bone around spongy
- ex.) scapula, pelvis, skull, sternum
Long bone
- longer than wide, mostly slender and cylyndiar
- ex.) femur, tibia, fibula, radius, phalanges, ribs
Irregular bones
- odd shapes
- ex.) vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
Short bones
- cuboidal
- all spongy bone
- ex.) wrist, ankle
Sesamoid bones
- bones free, floating in tendon
- kneecap/patella
-hyioid
-pisiform(2) - incus(2)
Spongy bone
- a lattice of trabeculae to protect from compression
- space filled with red bone marrow
Compact bone
- osteons arranged in concentric circles called lamallae
- each osteons has a center (haversion canal)
Medullary cavity
- main blood vessles
- marrow filled
- red = young
- yellow = old
Yellow bone marrow
- storage of fat, minerals, and other nutrients
Blood vessles
- provides blood supply to bone cells
Epiphysis
- ends of long bone
- spongy bone
Epithpysial line/plate
- layer that has inner cartilge to help with stability during growth
Periostelium
- outer covering of connective tissue that attaches bone to the “next thing”
Diaphysis
- long shaft of bone
- growth comes from epiphysis plate
Articular cartalige
- covers the epiphysies
- allows for smooth movement of joints (Hyline)
Trabeculae
- Calcified
- resist compression
Osteon
- one entire unit
- long cylinders around haversion canal
- volkmannis canal runs perpendicular
Caniculi
- connects bone cells and allows for nutrients and waste
Lamelle
- concentric circles with ostones
Osteocyte
Mature cell of bone - embedded in calcificated matrix
Osteoblast
Bone forming cells - secrete the ground substance that becomes spongy bone
Osteoclast
bone killing cells - breaks down bone for remodeling, growth, and repair
Organic bone composition
-35%
- collagen fibers that provide flexibility and strength
- prevents bones from being constantly broken
- low collagen creates osteogenisis imperfecta (brittle bone syndrome)
Inorganic bone composition
- 65%
- mineral & crystalline salts made of hydroyparticles
- provides strength and hardens
- lack of hydroyparticles causes rickets
1st step of bone healing
Hematoma forms
- blood enters the wound - cells begin to die
- phagocytes ingest dead bone cells and debris
2nd step of bone healing
Callus forms
- Blood vessles grow
- cartalige forms to hold the bone together
3rd step of bone healing
Callus Ossifies
- spongy bone forms to replace the cartalige
takes time for osteoblast to travel
4th step of bone healing
Compact bone forms
- osteoclasts form a larger medullary cativy
- spongy bone is converted to compact bone
often visual bump is permanent
Functions of the muscular system
1.) produce movement - internal and whole body
2.) maintain posture
3.) take up space and move things, stabalize
4.) generates heat - shivering
Characteristics of muscle tissue
1.) exitability - is the ability to respond to a stimuli
2.) contractability - ability to contract and shorten
3.) extensablilty - ability to elongate and lengthen
4.) elasticity - muscles have the ability to return to their original shape
Skeletal muscle cells
- cylindrical
- striated
- multinucleated
- voluntary (can vary in contraction speed from slow to very fast)
Cardiac muscle cells
- branched
- striated
- multinucleated
- involuntarly controlled
- mostly slow and steady contractions (speeds up with exersice, fear, anxiety,etc.)
Smooth
- arranged in uniform layers
- non striated
- uni nucleated
- involuntarly controlled
- slow contractions (sustained for long period of time)
