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Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Command center
  • Concious and subconsious
    Integration
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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • all nerves NOT in brain/spinal cord
  • connects everything
  • 31 spinal nerves
  • 12 cranial nerves
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3
Q

Sensory division (afferent)

A
  • Sends impulses from the senses to the CNS
    sensory input
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4
Q

Motor division (efferent)

A
  • sends impulses from the CNS to muscles & glands
    response
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5
Q

Sympathetic division

A
  • Used in emergency situations (flight/fight/freeze)
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6
Q

Parasympathetic division

A
  • Reduces sympathetic responses
  • Resting fxns digestion and urination
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7
Q

Autonomic nervous System (ANS)

A
  • Involuntary muscle control
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8
Q

Somatic nervous System (SNS)

A
  • Voluntary muscle control
  • Reflexes skeletal motion
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9
Q

Dendrites

A
  • bring impulses towards the cell body
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10
Q

Axon

A
  • Sends impulses away from the cell body
  • End in axon terminal
  • Which release neurotransmitters to pass the impulse to the next neuron
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11
Q

Myelin sheath

A
  • Axons are wrapped in myelin (waxy insulation)
  • Myelin is formed by Schwann cells wrapping around the axon
  • Helps impulses move faster
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12
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A
  • gaps between myelin
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13
Q

Cell body (soma)

A
  • houses the organelles and recieves the impulse from dendrites
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14
Q

Unipolar neurons

A
  • 1 process of cell body
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15
Q

Bipolar neurons

A
  • 2 processes of cell body
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16
Q

Multipolar neurons

A
  • many processes
    most common
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17
Q

Where do afferent neurons carry impulses towards?

A

CNS

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18
Q

Where do efferent neurons carry impulses away from?

A

CNS

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19
Q

What connects efferent and afferent neurons?

A

Interneurons

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20
Q

What do neuroglial cells do?

A
  • the glue, support, and protection for neurons to do their jobs
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21
Q

Astrocyte

A
  • support and anchor neurons to surrounding capillaries
  • facilitate exchange
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22
Q

Microglia

A
  • provides immune response to neurons in CNS
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23
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A
  • eat dead cells and invaders
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24
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • secrete and circulate cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
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25
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • provide the myelin insulation for neurons in the CNS
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26
Q

Satellite cells

A
  • support and anchor neurons in the PNS
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27
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • provide myelin insulation to neurons in the PNS
28
Q

Which neuroglia cells are found in the CNS?

A

Astrocyte, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes

29
Q

Which neuroglia cells are found in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells, Schwann cells

30
Q

As the impulse arrives…

A

sodium (on outside) rushes into the neuron and change the charge of the neuron
action potential

31
Q

At rest…

A

inside of neuron=negatively charged enviorment outside=positively charged
resting potential

32
Q

When the impulse reaches the synapse (end of nerve)

A

stimulates neurotransmitters and are released from the axon terminals. Causes channel to open to the next neuron continuing the impulse

33
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

space between synapses

34
Q

action potential

A

reverse of charge

35
Q

Step 1 to an impulse

A

Impulse arrives and threshold is met

36
Q

Step 2 to an impulse

A

Voltage gated Na+ channels are opened and Na+ enters the cells

37
Q

Step 3 to an impulse

A

Voltage gated K+ channels are opened and K+ levels the cell, Na+ channels begin to rest

38
Q

Step 4 to an impulse

A

Voltage gated K+ channels are still open, Na+ channels are in resting state

39
Q

Step 5 to an impulse

A

Na+ K+ pump restores voltage to resting state

40
Q

All or nothing response

A

A nerve impulse is an all or nothing response. Either the threshold is met and the impulse continued, or it is never started

41
Q

Resting is…

A

polarized

42
Q

Action potential is….

A

depolarization and repolarization

43
Q

Step 1 to a synaptic transmission

A

Action potential (impulse) arrives at the pre synaptic terminal

44
Q

Step 2 to a synaptic transmission

A

Ca+ channels open on pre synaptic terminal

45
Q

Step 3 to a synaptic transmission

A

Synaptic vessles release neurotransmitters

46
Q

Step 4 to a synaptic transmission

A

Neurotransmitters released into synapse bind to receptors on the next dendrite

47
Q

Step 5 to a synaptic transmission

A

Na+ channels open on the dendrite to relay impulse

48
Q

What are the 2 things that happen to left over neurotransmitters?

A
  • reuptake protein
  • enzymes can break them down
49
Q

What are the order of the meninges layers? (surface to deep)

A

Dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid, sub arachnoid space, pia mater

50
Q

Where is CSF found?

A
  • between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater
51
Q

What does CSF do?

A
  • protects the brain by preventing it from contacting the skull
  • maintains the blood brain barrier, which controls homeostasis for the brain and prevents infection
52
Q

Where does CSF produce?

A

In the 4 ventricles: 2 lateral, 3rd and 4th (lateral and 3rd ventricles connected by interventricular foramen

53
Q

Where is CSF secreated?

A
  • in choroid plexuses of ventricles, then circulated before being reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations
54
Q

Dura mater

A
  • thick, tough layer with a subdural space
55
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A
  • thin, cobweb - like layer
    subarachnoid space
56
Q

Pia mater

A
  • thin layer containing lots of blood vessles
57
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend from?

A

From the medulla oblongata to the lumbar vertebrae

58
Q

Where does it relay impulses between?

cranial nerves

A

PNS and brain

59
Q

Cross section

A

“butterfly” of grey matter surrounded by white matter

60
Q

Afferent nerves

A

dorsal horns -> ventral horns -> efferent nerves
*sometimes interneurons between A and E

61
Q

What does the reflex arc involve?

A

1.) receptor
2.) sensory neurons
3.) integration
4.) motor neurons
5.) effector

62
Q

Reflexes are…

A

pre programmed responses

63
Q

Endoneurium

A

surrounds each neuron

64
Q

Perineurium

A

surrounds a group of neurons (fascicle)

65
Q

Epineurium

A

surrounds a whole nerve

Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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