Unit 2 exam

Question 1

Observational study

Answer 1

a type of study in which data is collected through careful monitoring of participants

Question 2

Case study

Answer 2

an in-depth study of an individual or a very small group of individuals

Question 3

Longitudinal study

Answer 3

a type of investigation in which data is gathered from participants over an extended period of time, and the
participants are followed up after specific time intervals

Question 4

Cross sectional study

Answer 4

when data is collected from participants from different segments of the population (pre-existing cohorts) to represent a ‘snapshot’ in time

Question 5

Independent group design

Answer 5

an experimental design in which participants are split into two or more groups; typically a control group and an experimental group/s

Question 6

Repeated measures design

Answer 6

an experimental design in which the same participants are in every condition of the experiment

Question 7

Matched participant design

Answer 7

an experimental design in which participants are paired based upon relevant characteristics, where one member of the pair is tested in one condition, and the other member is tested in the other

Question 8

Convenience sampling

Answer 8

when a sample is selected using the quickest and easiest means possible, selecting people who are readily available from the population

Question 9

Random sampling

Answer 9

when every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

Question 10

Stratified sampling

Answer 10

when the population is divided into groups based upon relevant characteristics, and participants are selected from each group in proportion to how they appear in the population

Question 11

Extraneous variables

Answer 11

variables other than the independent variable that may produce unwanted results in an experiment

Question 12

What is replication and why would it be used?

Answer 12

The purpose of replication is to determine whether results from an experiment can be reproduced and are hence reliable

Question 13

What is synaesthesia?

Answer 13

Synaesthesia is a perceptual experience where the stimulation of one sense creates a simultaneous stimulation of a difference sense without replacing the initial sense

Question 14

What is an example of synaesthesia?

Answer 14

Seeing a distinct colour whenever each letter of the alphabet is viewed

Question 15

What are the factors that influence conformity?

Answer 15

1 Informational influence
2 Unanimity
3 Group size
4 Culture
5 Deindividuation (anonymity in a group)
6 Deindividuation (shift in attention)

Question 16

What is Informal influence? - influence conformity

Answer 16

Conformity arises when information is needed because the person is unsure of what to do

Question 17

What is unanimity? - influence conformity

Answer 17

Conformity is greater when all of the other members of a group are in agreeance

Question 18

What is group size? - influence conformity

Answer 18

Conformity increases as group size increases but only up to group sizes of eight before levelling out

Question 19

What is culture? - influence conformity

Answer 19

Conformity is higher in collectivist cultures such as those more frequently found in Asia and Africa than it is in individualist cultures such as those found in North America and Western Europe

Question 20

What is Deindividuation (anonymity in a group)? - influence conformity

Answer 20

they are just unsure of who they are as a person and therefore are more acceptable to bend to others in order to find who they are

Question 21

What is Deindividuation (shift in attention) – influence conformity

Answer 21

Conformity can increase when one is in a group and focus is on the external environment that the group is in rather than on internal thoughts.

Question 22

What is a positive effect of advertising?

Answer 22

Can be informational or educational

Question 23

What is a negative effect of advertising?

Answer 23

• Can be intentionally misleading or false
• Often target young children who can’t understand the persuasive intent of many advertisements
• May contain unrealistic, idealised images of how people should look or behave

Question 24

What is attribution?

Answer 24

Regarding something as being caused by a person or thing.

Question 25

What is bullying?

Answer 25

intentionally and repeatedly causing an individual or group to feel distressed through verbal, social or physical behaviours

Question 26

What is cyber bullying?

Answer 26

Bullying that occurs in online spaces, such as on social media

Question 27

What is overt bullying?

Answer 27

Visible or obvious forms of bullying

Question 28

What is covert bullying?

Answer 28

Indirect forms of bullying

Question 29

What is an example of cyber bullying?

Answer 29

When an individual regularly sends hurtful messages to someone with the intention of causing them significant distress

Question 30

What is an example of overt bullying?

Answer 30

When an individual intentionally pushes someone over on several occasions

Question 31

What is an example of covert bullying?

Answer 31

When an individual intentionally invites everyone from a friendship group to catch ups except for one person

Question 32

What are situation factors that cause bullying?

Answer 32

Number of peers present in the situation, the more people around the situation increases the chances of bullying to happen

Question 33

What are environmental factors that cause bullying?

Answer 33

• Family and home environment
• Financial security
• Past trauma
• Level of emotional support from friends or family
  These are due to the increase of negative emotions due to a lack of security or safety, causing them to take out their negative emotions on others

Question 34

What are factors that can influence cyber bullying?

Answer 34

• Sense of anonymity
• Social reach
• Accessibility
• Difficult to moderate

Question 35

What are physical effects of bullying?

Answer 35

• Fatigue
• Sleep disturbances
• Unexplained bruises and scratches
• Change in eating habits
• Panic attacks
• Shaky hands

Question 36

What are social effects of bullying?

Answer 36

• Feeling lonely and isolated
• Socially withdrawn
• Lack of desire to attend school/work
• Friendship issues

Question 37

What are psychological effects of bullying?

Answer 37

• Feeling unsafe and insecure
• Anxiety and depression
• Low self-esteem
  Difficulties concentrating
• Memory impairment and trouble learning
• Lack of motivation for school/work
• Mood swings

Question 38

What is transduction?

Answer 38

the conversion of raw sensory information detected by sensory receptors into a form that can be sent to the brain

Question 39

What is transmission?

Answer 39

the process of sending sensory information as a neural impulse to the part of the brain responsible for processing sensory information

Question 40

What is reception?

Answer 40

when a sensory stimulus is first detected by a sensory organ

Question 41

What is sensation?

Answer 41

the process of receiving and detecting raw sensory information via our sensory organs and sending it to the brain

Question 42

What is perception?

Answer 42

the process of selecting, organising, and interpreting sensory information to be able to understand it

Question 43

What is selection?

Answer 43

the process of attending to certain features of sensory stimuli to the exclusion of others

Question 44

What is organisation?

Answer 44

the process of regrouping features of sensory stimuli together in order to form cohesive and meaningful information

Question 45

What is interpretation?

Answer 45

the process of understanding and assigning meaning to sensory information

Question 46

What is an attitude best described as?

Answer 46

A judgement about someone or something