Unit 2 exam Flashcards
Observational study
a type of study in which data is collected through careful monitoring of participants
Case study
an in-depth study of an individual or a very small group of individuals
Longitudinal study
a type of investigation in which data is gathered from participants over an extended period of time, and the
participants are followed up after specific time intervals
Cross sectional study
when data is collected from participants from different segments of the population (pre-existing cohorts) to represent a ‘snapshot’ in time
Independent group design
an experimental design in which participants are split into two or more groups; typically a control group and an experimental group/s
Repeated measures design
an experimental design in which the same participants are in every condition of the experiment
Matched participant design
an experimental design in which participants are paired based upon relevant characteristics, where one member of the pair is tested in one condition, and the other member is tested in the other
Convenience sampling
when a sample is selected using the quickest and easiest means possible, selecting people who are readily available from the population
Random sampling
when every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample
Stratified sampling
when the population is divided into groups based upon relevant characteristics, and participants are selected from each group in proportion to how they appear in the population
Extraneous variables
variables other than the independent variable that may produce unwanted results in an experiment
What is replication and why would it be used?
The purpose of replication is to determine whether results from an experiment can be reproduced and are hence reliable
What is synaesthesia?
Synaesthesia is a perceptual experience where the stimulation of one sense creates a simultaneous stimulation of a difference sense without replacing the initial sense
What is an example of synaesthesia?
Seeing a distinct colour whenever each letter of the alphabet is viewed
What are the factors that influence conformity?
1 Informational influence
2 Unanimity
3 Group size
4 Culture
5 Deindividuation (anonymity in a group)
6 Deindividuation (shift in attention)
What is Informal influence? - influence conformity
Conformity arises when information is needed because the person is unsure of what to do
What is unanimity? - influence conformity
Conformity is greater when all of the other members of a group are in agreeance
What is group size? - influence conformity
Conformity increases as group size increases but only up to group sizes of eight before levelling out
What is culture? - influence conformity
Conformity is higher in collectivist cultures such as those more frequently found in Asia and Africa than it is in individualist cultures such as those found in North America and Western Europe
What is Deindividuation (anonymity in a group)? - influence conformity
they are just unsure of who they are as a person and therefore are more acceptable to bend to others in order to find who they are
What is Deindividuation (shift in attention) – influence conformity
Conformity can increase when one is in a group and focus is on the external environment that the group is in rather than on internal thoughts.
What is a positive effect of advertising?
Can be informational or educational
What is a negative effect of advertising?
- Can be intentionally misleading or false
- Often target young children who can’t understand the persuasive intent of many advertisements
- May contain unrealistic, idealised images of how people should look or behave
What is attribution?
Regarding something as being caused by a person or thing.
What is bullying?
intentionally and repeatedly causing an individual or group to feel distressed through verbal, social or physical behaviours
What is cyber bullying?
Bullying that occurs in online spaces, such as on social media
What is overt bullying?
Visible or obvious forms of bullying
What is covert bullying?
Indirect forms of bullying
What is an example of cyber bullying?
When an individual regularly sends hurtful messages to someone with the intention of causing them significant distress
What is an example of overt bullying?
When an individual intentionally pushes someone over on several occasions
What is an example of covert bullying?
When an individual intentionally invites everyone from a friendship group to catch ups except for one person
What are situation factors that cause bullying?
Number of peers present in the situation, the more people around the situation increases the chances of bullying to happen
What are environmental factors that cause bullying?
- Family and home environment
- Financial security
- Past trauma
- Level of emotional support from friends or family
These are due to the increase of negative emotions due to a lack of security or safety, causing them to take out their negative emotions on others
What are factors that can influence cyber bullying?
- Sense of anonymity
- Social reach
- Accessibility
- Difficult to moderate
What are physical effects of bullying?
- Fatigue
- Sleep disturbances
- Unexplained bruises and scratches
- Change in eating habits
- Panic attacks
- Shaky hands
What are social effects of bullying?
- Feeling lonely and isolated
- Socially withdrawn
- Lack of desire to attend school/work
- Friendship issues
What are psychological effects of bullying?
- Feeling unsafe and insecure
- Anxiety and depression
- Low self-esteem
Difficulties concentrating - Memory impairment and trouble learning
- Lack of motivation for school/work
- Mood swings
What is transduction?
the conversion of raw sensory information detected by sensory receptors into a form that can be sent to the brain
What is transmission?
the process of sending sensory information as a neural impulse to the part of the brain responsible for processing sensory information
What is reception?
when a sensory stimulus is first detected by a sensory organ
What is sensation?
the process of receiving and detecting raw sensory information via our sensory organs and sending it to the brain
What is perception?
the process of selecting, organising, and interpreting sensory information to be able to understand it
What is selection?
the process of attending to certain features of sensory stimuli to the exclusion of others
What is organisation?
the process of regrouping features of sensory stimuli together in order to form cohesive and meaningful information
What is interpretation?
the process of understanding and assigning meaning to sensory information
What is an attitude best described as?
A judgement about someone or something
