U3AO2

Question 1

Define learning

Answer 1

The process of acquiring knowledge, skills, or behaviours through experience

Question 2

Define Classical conditioning

Answer 2

A form of learning that occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli to produce a naturally occurring response.

Question 3

Define Before conditioning

Answer 3

the first stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus has no associations and therefore does not produce any significant
response

Question 4

Define a neural stimulus

Answer 4

the stimulus that produces no significant response prior to conditioning

Question 5

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 5

the stimulus that produces an unconscious response

Question 6

What is an unconditioned response

Answer 6

a naturally occurring behaviour in response to a stimulus

Question 7

What are the three stages of classical conditioning?

Answer 7

1. Before conditioning
2. During conditioning
3. After conditioning

Question 8

What can classical conditioning be?

Answer 8

A response can be involuntary (salivation), reflex action (blink) or an emotion (fear)

Question 9

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 9

type of learning where the consequences of behaviour determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future

Question 10

What is observational learning?

Answer 10

a process of learning that involves watching the behaviour of a model and the associated consequence of that behaviour

Question 11

What do reinforcement functions do?

Answer 11

To make the behaviour stronger

Question 12

What do punishment functions do?

Answer 12

To make the behaviour weaker

Question 13

What are three factors that can affect reinforcement and punishment?

Answer 13

• Appropriateness of reinforce/punisher, muse align with chosen learning method
• Order of presentation, must occur after response
• Timing, needs to occur as close in time to the behaviour

Question 14

What is the three-phase process of operant conditioning?

Answer 14

A learning process

Question 15

What are the three phases in the three phase model?

Answer 15

1. Antecedent
2. Behaviour
3. Consequence

Question 16

What is the antecedent phase in the three phase model?

Answer 16

The stimulus or event that precedes and often elicits a particular behaviour

Question 17

What is the behaviour phase in the three phase model?

Answer 17

The voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent

Question 18

What is the consequence phase in the three phase model?

Answer 18

The outcome of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood that it will occur again

Question 19

What are similarities between operant conditioning and observational learning?

Answer 19

The learning is active, and there are consequences associated with both

Question 20

What are differences between operant conditioning and observational learning?

Answer 20

OC is learning through direct experience, whereas OL involves indirect experience.

Question 21

What is story sharing?

Answer 21

Learning through narrative and story-sharing

Question 22

What are learning maps?

Answer 22

Planning and visualising processes and knowledge

Question 23

What is sensory memory?

Answer 23

A store of memory which briefly stores raw information detected by the senses

Question 24

What is Short-term memory?

Answer 24

A store of memory that temporarily stores a limited amount of information that in consciously being attended to and actively manipulated

Question 25

What is rehearsal?

Answer 25

A controlled process which involved consciously repeating or manipulating information in short-term memory

Question 26

What is encoding?

Answer 26

The process of converting information into a usable form which can be manipulated and sorted in the brain

Question 27

What is storage?

Answer 27

The retention of information over time

Question 28

What is retrival?

Answer 28

The process of accessing information, that has been sorted in long-term memory, and bring it into our conscious awareness into short-term memory.