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ANATOMY 1 > unit 2 connective tissue > Flashcards

unit 2 connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Consistency and blood supply of connective tissues?

A

Consistency varies: liquid, gel or solid

Good nerve + blood supply except in cartilage + tendons

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2
Q

where is the connective tissue derived from?

A

-adudant + widely spread

➢ Derived from MESENCHYME

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3
Q

FUNCTIONS of connective tissue (6)

A

Bind, support, repair + strengthen other tissues
➢ Protect + insulate internal organs
➢ Compartmentalise structures (muscles)
➢ Transport (blood)
➢ Storage:-energy reserves (adipose tissue)
-water + electrolytes in extracellular matrix
➢ Immune response

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4
Q

CELLULAR COMPONENTS (2)

A

➢ RESIDENT: -immature (blasts), mature (cyte)

➢ TRANSITORY: -Leucocytes, Macrophages, Mast cells, Plasma cells

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5
Q

Resident component= 1. MESENCHYMAL CELLS (3)

A
  1. pluripotent+ undifferentiated
  2. star like shape, exist during embryonic stages
  3. form dentine forming odontoblasts, pulp, periodontal ligament
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6
Q

Resident component=2. FIBROBLASTS (2)

A
  1. large flat cells star shaped, principal active cells of connective tissue
  2. produce fibres (collagen + elastic + ground
    substance)
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7
Q

Resident component= 3.FIBROCYTES

A
  1. mature cells trapped within extracellular matrix + maintain connective tissue
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8
Q

Resident component= 4. MYOFIBROBLASTS

A
  1. modified fibroblasts, secrete collagen + contract, abundant in healing areas + periodontal ligament, participate formation of root of teeth
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9
Q

Resident component= 5. ADIPOCYTES

extra
OSTEOBLASTS/ CYTES
CHONDROBLASTS /CYTES

A
  1. Form adipose tissue.
  2. Each adipocyte is surrounded by net of reticular fibres.
  3. store triglycerides.
  4. find them beneath the skin and around internal organs such as heart and kidneys.
  5. Function: protection,
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10
Q

white + brown adipose tissue

A

white= energy store

thermoregulation =(brown adipose tissue).

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11
Q

TRANSITORY CELLS (5)

A 
– Macrophages 
– Plasma cells 
– Mast cells 
– Neutrophils
 – Eosinophils
ORIGIN: pluripotent cells in bone marrow
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12
Q

transitory cell origin?

A

pluripotent cells in bone marrow

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13
Q

extracellular matrix (2)

A

all good at resisting force

  • collagen
  • elastic
  • reticular
  • ground substance
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14
Q

collagen = compoisiton, function + location

A

–Composition: collagen I proteins.
–Function: provide strength and resistance to tension.+ Allow tissue flexibility.
–Location: bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.

-

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15
Q

Reticular = composition, function + location

A

–Composition: fine collagen fibrils (collagen III and glycoproteins).
–Function: support in blood+ lymphatic vessel walls. + network around cells such as adipocytes, nervous fibres, smooth/skeletal muscle fibres.
Location- Found in basement membrane

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16
Q

Elastic = composition, function + location

A

-Composition: elastin + fibrillin.
–Function: strength and elasticity.
–Location: skin, blood vessel walls, lungs.

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17
Q

GROUND SUBSTANCE= characteristic + composition

A

{ transparent, colourless + fills spaces between fibres+ cells}: water, salts, proteoglycans

•Composition: water + salts + proteins + proteoglycans
(polysaccharide 95% + protein)

18
Q

GROUND SUBSTANCE POLYSACCHARIDES

A

–Main polysaccharide: glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s) :

19
Q 
GROUND SUBSTANCE (4) GAGS 
1. Chondroitin sulfate
A

1•Chondroitin sulfate :

-provides support/adhesiveness to cartilage, bone, skin and blood vessels

20
Q 
GROUND SUBSTANCE (4) GAGS 
2•Dermatan sulfate
A

2•Dermatan sulfate

skin, blood vessels, cardiac valves and tendons

21
Q 
GROUND SUBSTANCE (4) GAGS 
3•Keratan sulfate
A

3•Keratan sulfate

bone, cartilage and cornea.

22
Q 
GROUND SUBSTANCE (4) GAGS 
4•Hyaluronic acid
A

4•Hyaluronic acid:

  • dense, viscous, slippery (antiseptic, hydrating)>
  • brings cells together, maintaining their shape and lubricating them.
23
Q

GROUND SUBSTANCE- ADHESION PROTEINS

A

–Adhesion proteins (fibronectins): join collagen fibers with ground substance

24
Q

EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

–Mesenchyme: tissue (4)

A

-all other connective tissue arise.
-Found exclusively in embryo+ foetus
-irregular.
•Semifluid ground substance contains reticular fibres.

25
Q

EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE=

–Mucous connective tissue: (Wharton’s jelly) (2)

A

-found in umbilical cord to support veins+artieres

•Fibroblasts in jelly-like ground substance that has collagen fibers.

26
Q

MATURE CONNECTIVE TISSUE -LOOSE

–>AREOLAR: location, comosition, cell type + function

A

location= beneath epithelia, external wrapping of vessels, nerves and muscles.
composition=•Black lines= elastic fibres •Brown/pink= collagen
•Most common cell type fibroblasts
•FUNCTION: allows for diffusion of oxygen and nutrients between microvasculature and adjacent tissue

27
Q

MATURE CONNECTIVE TISSUE -LOOSE

–>Adipose tissue: location, composition, cell type + function

A
  • adipocytes, specialized for storing triglycerides
  • found wherever areolar tissue is located, primarily beneath the skin
–Functions:
•Reduces heat loss through the skin.
•Energy reserve.
•Support and protection.
•Generation of heat.

–Highly vascularized.

28
Q

-mature loose connective tissue= WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE (3)

A
  • Peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage in one droplet
  • Located -deeper layer of skin +surrounding abdominal organs.
  • Function: organ padding +energy storage
29
Q

-mature loose connective tissue= BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE (2)

A
  • Several fat droplets are located in the cytoplasm, numerous+ several sizes.
  • more blood vessels and mitochondria, responsible for heat generation (keeping the baby or an hibernating animal)
30
Q

-mature loose connective tissue= RETICULAR (2)

A
  • consists of fine interlacing reticular fibres+cells.
    •Functions:
    –Forms the stroma (scaffold) of certain organs (liver, spleen)
    –Brings the cells of smooth muscle together.
    –Filtration -to remove dead cells and microbes
31
Q

Loose and dense connective tissue within oral cavity?

A

LAMINA PROPRIA which is aerolar

32
Q

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE? (3)

A
  • regular
  • irregular
  • elastic
33
Q

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

REGULAR= aka white fibrous connective tissue (4)

A
  • Numerous, thicker and denser fibres.
  • Collagen fibres in parallel bundles with fibroblasts
  • White, tough and pliable (forms tendons and ligaments)
  • Function: binding of structures.
34
Q

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

IRREGULAR= (3)

A
  • Collagen fibers irregularly arranged (interwoven in all directions).
  • Function: tissue can resist tension from any direction.
  • Location: white of eyeball, dermis of skin, capsular membranes, cardiac valves, fascia
35
Q

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

ELASTIC= (4)

A
  • Branching elastic fibers + fibroblasts.
  • Can stretch & still return to original shape.
  • Function: allows organ stretching
  • Location: lung tissue, true vocal cords, some ligaments between vertebrae, walls of large arteries (aorta)
36
Q

epithelial membranes (4) FLAT sheets of flexible tissue that cover or line parts of the body

A
  1. mucosa
  2. serosa
  3. cutaneus
  4. synovial
37
Q

MUCOUS MEMBRANES = MUCOSA

3

A

• WHERE: organ cavities which open directly to the exterior (mouth, stomach, vagina, urethra…)
• tight junctions: prevent leakage of substances. Protect from pathogens.
-Mucus: Goblet cells- Prevents cavities from drying, defence against microorganisms+ effects of acids.

38
Q

SEROUS MEMBRANES = SEROSA (5)

A

• WHERE: organ cavities which DO NOT open directly to the exterior (pleura, peritoneum and pericardium)

• Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) + areolar connective tissue
.
• Two layers:
– Parietal layer (external)
– Visceral layer (interior: attached to cavity organs)
• secrete serous fluid that serves as lubricant (pleural, pericardial or peritoneal fluid)
• Inflammation of the serous membrane with an increase in fluid secretion = -itis:

39
Q

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANES= SKIN (2)

A

• Cover body surfaces
• They consist of TWO layers:
-Epidermis: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
-Dermis: dense irregular connective tissue and areolar connective tissue

40
Q

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES= (3)

A

• WHERE:

  • line cavities of free movable joints.
  • Bursae +tendon sheaths (they do not open to the exterior)

o Areolar + adipose connective tissue

  • (synoviocytes) which secrete synovial fluid:
    a) lubricant
    b) nutritive
    c) defense: macrophages
41
Q

ALTERATIONS IN the MUCOSA of ORAL CAVITY(4)

A

1-Fissured tongue, medial rhomboid glossitis, lingual varicosities

2- PERIODONTAL DISEASES
Periodontitis, gingival hyperplasia

3- Bacterial or viral infections
Herpes, candida

4- Dermatological diseases
Lichen planus, erythema multiforme

ANATOMY 1 (11 decks)

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