Unit 2 - chapter 7 (learning)

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

relatively permanent change that happens because of some experience

Question 2

associative

Answer 2

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 3

observational

Answer 3

modeling - us learning from the people around us, shared behaviors

Question 4

latent

Answer 4

intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation of reward

Question 5

Ivan pavlov

Answer 5

classical conditioning master
pavlovas dog experiment

• neutral stimulus (NS) elicits no response prior to conditioning
• unconditioned stimulus (US): elicits a response with no conditioning (naturally)
• unconditioned response (UR): natural or innate response to US
• conditioned stimulus (CS): previously NS that has taken on properties of the CS and now elicits CR
• conditioned response (CR): learned response to a previously NS that is now a CS

Question 6

extinction and spontaneous recovery

Answer 6

process of dissociating the conditioned stimulus

presenting the condition stimulus without the reward. Over time when the CS is presented alone the conditioned response is no more

spontaneous recovery gets weaker every time the behavior is recovered.

Question 7

higher order conditioning

Answer 7

adding another stimulus with elicits the same response

person is stung by a bee
now every time he sees a bee he is scared. the bee is now a conditioned stimulus.
he gets stung by a trash can. he is scared of the trash can. now the trash can is a conditioned stimulus.

Question 8

operant conditioning

Answer 8

Edward Thorndike: law of effect

-rewarded behaviors will happen again whereas punished behaviors will not

BF Skinner
-developed operant chamber to test the law of effect

Question 9

reinforcement vs punishment

Answer 9

reinforcements:
positive - appetitive stimuli present
negative - aversive stimuli taken away (putting sunscreen on to avoid being sunburnt)

punishment:
positive - aversive stimuli present (giving students detention to stop a behavior)
negative - appetitive stimuli taken away (taking away toys as punishment to stop a behavior)

Question 10

types of reinforcers

Answer 10

primary reinforcers are biologically significant things
-innate ability to reinforce behavior (sex, food, water, drugs)

secondary reinforcers are everything else
-it has been associated with something else to make it a reinforcer (money, good grades, nice clothes)

Question 11

reinforcement schedules

Answer 11

continuous reinforcement: reinforcing the desired action every time
-learning happens quickly, but extinction also happens quickly

intermittent reinforcement: reinforcing only some of time the action is done
-learning happens slower, but resistant to extinction

fixed:
ratio - every so many (buy 10 coffees, get the 11th free)
interval - fixed amount of time passes (taco Tuesday)

variable:
ratio - unpredictable number of responses (gambling)
interval - unpredictable often (how often you check your phone)