Unit 2 - Chapter 6 - Rationalism Flashcards
passive mind, induction & bottom up approach used by:
Empiricists
active mind, deduction, top down approach used by:
Rationalists
Summarize Baruch Spinoza’s philosophy with respect to (a) the nature of God
- embraced pantheism: belief that God is everywhere and in everything.
- understand laws of nature = understand god
Summarize Baruch Spinoza’s philosophy with respect to the relationship between mind and body
- double aspectism: material substance and consciousness are inseparable
- panpsychism: because God is everywhere, so is mind.
Summarize Baruch Spinoza’s philosophy with respect to free will
god is nature –> nature is lawful –> humans are part of nature –> behaviour is lawful = determinism
Summarize Baruch Spinoza’s philosophy with respect to motivation and emotion.
- pleasure = having a clear purpose,
- pain = lack of clarity
emotion is linked to specific thought
Passion - Spinoza
- reduces probability of survival
- not linked to specific thought
Describe Baruch Spinoza’s influence on the development of psychology.
belief in psychic determinism
Describe the following aspects of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz’s philosophy: disagreement with Locke
- rejected Locke’s suggestion that all ideas come from experience
Describe the following aspects of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz’s philosophy: monadology
Monads: indivisible units that compose everything in the universe.
1) all are active and conscious.
2) differ in intelligence, from plants to god.
3) characterized by a final cause.
4) change by actualizing potential.
5) seek to clarify thoughts
Describe the following aspects of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz’s philosophy: the mind-body relationship
psychophysical parallelism: bodily and mental events are correlated but no interaction between them
preestablished harmony: b-m are coordinated by God
Describe the following aspects of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz’s philosophy: conscious and unconscious perception.
law of continuity: no gaps in nature
- petites perceptions –> limin –> apperception
Petites perceptions
occur below the level of awareness.
Apperception
as petites perceptions accumulate, their combined force causes conscious awareness.
Next to ____, _____ possess the monads capable of the clearest thinking
God; humans
Describe Thomas Reid’s views regarding common sense
we can assume the existence of the physical world because it makes common sense to do so.
Describe Thomas Reid’s views regarding direct realism
belief that the world is as we immediately experience it.
Describe Thomas Reid’s views regarding faculty psychology.
faculties of the mind are aspects of a unified mind and never function in isolation
Describe Immanuel Kant’s views regarding : (a) categories of thought
innate attributes of the mind that explain subjective experiences
Describe Immanuel Kant’s views regarding: the nature of mental experience
mental experience = interaction between sensations & categories of thought
Describe Immanuel Kant’s views regarding: perceptions of space and time
provide the context for all mental activity and produced by categories of thought
Describe Immanuel Kant’s views regarding: the categorical imperative.
rational principle that should govern moral behavior
Anthropology
a way of studying humans, by studying how people actually behave.
- Kant.
A priori
before experience
ex: space and time
According to Kant, the innate categories of time and space are ____ because they provide the context for all ____________.
basic; mental phenomena
Specify Kant’s influence on the development of psychology.
influenced Gestalt psychology
Did Kant believe that psychology could become an experimental science?
no
Alienation - Hegel
realization that one’s mind exists apart from the Absolute.
Describe Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels’ views with respect to The Absolute
the absolute is the totality of the universe.
knowledge of the Absolute constitutes the only true knowledge.
Describe Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels’ views with respect to the dialectic process.
1) original idea
2) negation of the original idea
3) synthesis of the original idea and its negation.
- results in moving closer to the absoulte
Summarize Hegel’s influence on the development of psychology.
- birth of experimental psychology & self-actualization theory.
- concept of alienation later used by Marx and Rogers
Describe Johann Friedrich Herbart’s positions with respect to psychology’s status as a science
psychology could not be an experimental science because the mind could not be fractionated
Describe Johann Friedrich Herbart’s positions with respect to psychic mechanics
compatible ideas attract each other, incompatible ideas repel
- conscious ideas = clear, intense
- unconscious ideas = dark, obscure
Describe Johann Friedrich Herbart’s positions with respect to the apperceptive mass
at any given moment, compatible ideas gather in consciousness and form a group.
Describe Johann Friedrich Herbart’s positions with respect to educational psychology.
Advice offered to teachers;
1) review already learned.
2) give an overview of what is coming next
3) present the new material.
4) relate the new material to previous.
5) show applications of the new material
Self-preservation
an ideas tendency to seek & maintain conscious expression.
Repression
force used to hold ideas incompatible with the apperceptive mass in the unconscious.
Limen/limin
threshold between the conscious and the unconscious mind.
Summarize Herbart’s influence on the development of psychology.
first to apply a mathematical model to psychology.
