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PSYC375 - History of Psychology - Midterm > Unit 1 - Chapter 2 - The Ancient World > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 2 - The Ancient World Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Plato’s nature of sleep and dreams.

A

dreams reveal base appetites.

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2
Q

Describe the influence of Plato on the development of science.

A
  • advanced the ideas of the Pythagoreans
  • influence ideas in cognitive psych
  • promoted dualism
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3
Q

Describe Aristotle’s (384–322 BC) philosophy in terms of the basic differences he had with Plato.

A

Plato
- forms
- knowledge exists independently of nature
- sensory info interfere with attaining knowledge

Aristotle
- essences
- knowledge & nature inseparable
- embraced rationalism and empiricism.

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4
Q

According to ______, all living things posses a soul.

A

Arisotle

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5
Q

Plato’s Theory of forms

A
  • ultimate reality consists of abstract forms that correspond to all objects in the empirical world.
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6
Q

Forms

A
  • abstract realities
  • create imperfect manifestations when they interact with matter
  • objects of sense impressions
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7
Q

Plato’s Analogy of the divided line

A
  • belief that there is a hierarchy of understanding
  • hierarchy; images of empirical objects –> empirical objects themselves –> abstract mathematical principles –> forms.
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8
Q

Understanding of empirical objects themselves results in

A

opinions

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9
Q

What is the highest understanding according to Plato?

A

understanding of the form of good (which is true knowledge)

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10
Q

Imagining (Plato)

A

Lowest form of understanding because it is based on images

Ex: portrait of a person, reflection in the water.

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11
Q

Plato’s Allegory of the cave

A

individuals who live in a shadowed reality provided by sensory experience instead of the true reality beyond sensory experience.

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12
Q

Describe escaped prisoner in allegory of the cave

A

prisoner sees real objects (forms) responsible for the shadows (sensory information) = true knowledge.

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13
Q

Plato - Reminiscence theory of knowledge

A
  • knowledge is attained by remembering the experiences the soul had when it lived among the forms before entering the body.
  • involves introspection
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14
Q

Plato - Introspection

A
  • searching of ones inner understanding.
  • knowledge is innate and attained only through introspection.
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15
Q

Plato was a _____, _______ & _____

A

natitivist, rationalist and idealist

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16
Q

Plato’s nature of the soul

A
  • believed soul had three parts; rational, courageous and appetitive
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17
Q

Rational component of soul - Plato

A

Responsible for delaying immediate gratifications

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18
Q

Couragous component of the soul - Plato

A

emotional/spirited

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19
Q

Appetitive component of the soul - Plato

A

has appetites (ex; hunger, thirst) that must be met and play a motivational role in everyday life.

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20
Q

According to Plato, what must a person do for true knowledge to be attained?

A

suppress needs of the body and concentrate on rational pursuits, such as introspection.

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21
Q

Three types of people in Plato’s Republic

A

1) Dominant appetitive → workers and slaves.

2) Dominant courage/emotion → soldiers

3) Dominant reason/rationality → philosopher-kings.

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22
Q

Plato believed that societies have little chance of survival unless they are led by _______

A

philosophers with wisdom

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23
Q

Aristotle - Causation

A

To know anything, we must understand 4 aspects of it; material cause, formal cause, efficient cause, final cause.

24
Q

Material cause

A

the matter of which a thing is made.

For ex; wood.

25
Q

Formal cause

A

The particular form, or pattern of a thing.

Ex: a table

26
Q

Efficient cause

A

The force that transforms the material thing into a certain form.

Ex: the energy of a carpenter.

27
Q

Final cause

A

The purpose for which a thing exists.

Ex: the purpose of a table is a place to eat

28
Q

Teleology

A

Aristotle’s belief that nature is purposive.

  • involes entelechy
29
Q

Entelechy

A

keeps an object moving in its prescribed direction until its full potential is reached

30
Q

______ is human entelechy

A

active reason

31
Q

Scala naturae

A

nature as being arranged in a hierarchy from formless matter to the unmoved mover.

32
Q

unmoved mover

A

what gives nature its final cause, but was itself uncaused.

33
Q

The closer something is to the ______ , the more perfect it is.

A

unmoved mover

34
Q

Aristotle - Hierarchy of souls

A

A living things purpose is determined by what type of soul it possesses.

  • vegetative, sensitive, rational
35
Q

Three types of souls - Aristotle

A

1) Vegetative (or nutritive) soul

2) Sensitive soul

3) Rational soul

36
Q

Vegetative (or nutritive) soul

A

Possessed by plants.

Allows only growth, the assimilation of food and reproduction.

37
Q

Sensitive soul

A

Possessed by animals.

Includes
- vegetative functions
- respond to the environment
- experience pleasure and pain
- memory.

38
Q

Rational soul

A

Possessed only by humans.

Provides all the functions of the other two souls + rational thought.

39
Q

Sensation

A

Senses provide info about the environment.

  • first step in acquiring knowledge (isolated experience).
40
Q

Common sense

A

Integrates and synthesizes sensory experience, making it more meaningful.

Located in the heart.

41
Q

Passive reason

A

practical use of the information provided by common sense.

42
Q

Active reason

A

the abstraction of principles, or essences, from synthesized experiences.

  • considered the highest form of thinking & source of greatest pleasure.
43
Q

Memory - Aristotle

A

the results of sense perception.

  • ex; remembering & recall
44
Q

Remembering

A

passive recollection of past experiences

45
Q

Recall

A

mental search for a past experience.

46
Q

Laws of Association

A
  • thought to be responsible for holding mental events together in memory.
  • contiguity, similarity, contrast, frequency
47
Q

law of contiguity

A

A thought of something tends to cause thoughts of things that are experienced along with it.

48
Q

Law of similarity

A

A thought of something tends to cause thoughts of similar things.

49
Q

Law of contrast

A

A thought of something tends to cause thoughts of opposite things.

50
Q

Law of frequency

A

the more events are experienced together, the stronger they become associated

51
Q

Imagination - Aristotle

A

the lingering effects of sensory experience.

52
Q

Dreaming - Aristotle

A
  • images of past experience.
  • skeptical about providing info about the future.
  • may reflect subtle bodily changes.
53
Q

Reasons why images may seem odd during a dream

A

1) during sleep, images are not organized by reason

2) coordination with ongoing sensory experience doesnt occur during sleep

54
Q

Motivation - Aristotle

A
  • human behaviour is motivated by appetites.
  • if activity eliminates discomfort, person will experience pleasure.
55
Q

Aristotle - Emotions

A

To think rationally = purpose = greatest happiness.

All human behaviour is hedonistic

56
Q

Golden mean

A

Aristotle described the best life, as one lived in moderation.

Requires rational control of ones appetites.

57
Q

Emotions may cause

A

selective perception.

PSYC375 - History of Psychology - Midterm (10 decks)

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