Unit 1 - Chapter 1 - History of Psychology Flashcards
the study of the proper way to write history is called
Historiography
Psychology
study of the psyche/human mind
Presentism
evaluating historical events in terms of contemporary knowledge
Historicism
study of the past for its own sake
Discuss the relative merits of Presentism
- Present state of psychology as a guide in writing history.
- Implies that the present state represents highest state of development.
- Limits personal bias.
Discuss the relative merits of Historicism
Provides a better framework for understanding psychology’s history.
What considerations are involved in deciding what to include in a history of psychology?
- Omit large amounts of information, making history selective.
- Individuals who did the most to develop an idea are covered.
Zeitgeist
- spirit of the times
- gives context to understanding history
Great person approach
concentrates on the most prominent contributors
History development approach
concentrates on an element of a field and describes how the approach to studying that element has changed over time.
Eclectic approach
using whatever method seems best able to illuminate an aspect of the history of psychology.
- Used by Henley.
Three reasons cited for studying the history of psychology
understanding
recognition of fads and fashions
source of valuable ideas
Understanding is important because;
- Not repeat mistakes of the past
- Gain insight on importance
Recognition of fads and fashions is important because;
Awareness that factuality is not the only variable determining whether to accept an idea.
Why did Galileo and Kant claim that psychology could never be a science?
because of its concern with subjective experience.
Science
systematic attempt to rationally categorize or explain empirical observations.
What are the two major components of a science?
empirical observation
theory
Two major approaches to understating where knowledge comes from are
rationalism and empiricism
Empiricism
source of knowledge is always based on sensory observation.
Two main functions of scientific theory
1) Organizes empirical observations
2) Acts as a guide for future observations (confirmable propositions)
Public Observation
scientific laws must be available for any interested person to observe.
Why is public observation important?
reduces bias
Science seeks to discover ____ relationships.
lawful
Scientific law
a consistently observed relationship between two or more empirical events.
Two general classes of scientific laws
1) Correlational laws
2) Causal laws
Correlational laws
- describe how events vary together in some systematic way.
- only prediction is possible.
Causal laws
- specify how events are casually related
- allows prediction and control.
Specifying causes of events is complex because
- cant assume that contiguity proves causation.
- events rarely have a single cause.
Assumption of determinism
what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws.
Describe Karl Popper’s (1902–1994) objections to the traditional view of scientific activity.
- disagreed that scientific activity starts with empirical observation.
- believed observation is always selective and scientific activity involves a problem
Karl Popper’s three stages of scientific method
1) problems
2) theories (proposed solutions)
3) criticism
Principle of falsifiability
- must specify the observations that would refute a theory.
- science must make risky predictions
- Popper
Postdiction
explaining events after they have already occurred.
- problem with many theories
Describe Popper’s views on theories
believed;
- all theories will be eventually found false and will be replaced
- highest status that a theory can reach is “not yet disconfirmed”
- nonscientific theories can still be useful
Correspondence theory of truth
- the goal when evaluating scientific laws or theories is to determine whether they correspond to a mind-independent world.
- guides science
How did Thomas Kuhn change conception of science?
showed science to be a highly subjective enterprise.
Paradigm
the entire constellation of beliefs, values, and techniques shared by a given community.