Unit 2: Chapter 11: Endocrine Glands Flashcards
1
Q
___________ secreted by specialized cells of the hypothalamus
A
Neurohormones
2
Q
attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
A
pituitary gland
3
Q
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
A
adenophypophys
4
Q
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
A
neurohypophysis
5
Q
Two parts of anterior pituitary
A
pars distalis
pars tuberalis
6
Q
The anterior pitutiary is
A
glandular epitheilum
7
Q
The posterior pituitary is
A
nervous tissue
8
Q
Posterior pituitary aka
A
pars nervosa
9
Q
________ hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary lobe
A
Trophic
10
Q
______ hormones stimulate hormone secretion in other glands
A
trophic
11
Q
Growth hormone : GH or
A
somatotropin
12
Q
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: TSH or
A
thyrtropin
13
Q
Adrenocroticotropic hormone: ACTH or
A
corticotropin
14
Q
Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH or
A
folliculotropin
15
Q
luteinizing hormone: LH or
A
luteotropin
16
Q
male leuteinizing hormone is
A
interstitial cell stimulating hormone
17
Q
________ (PRL)
A
prolactin
18
Q
2 posterior pituitary hormones
A
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
19
Q
_______ promotes retention of water in the kidneys
A
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
20
Q
ADH is aka ________ (AVP)
A
arginine vasopressin
21
Q
Simulates contractions in childbirth and milk let-down in lactation
A
oxytocin
22
Q
ADH and oxytocin are produced by the _______ and ___________ nuclei of the hypothalamus
A
supraoptic; paraventricular
23
Q
ADH and oxytocin are transported along the axons of the ___________ to the posterior pituitary
A
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
24
Q
Where are ADH and oxytocin stroed
A
posterior pituitary
25
What controls the release of ADH and oxytocin
neuroendocrine reflexes
26
ADH release is stimluated by ____ in response to an increase in ____ and ___
osmoreceptor neurons; blood osmolality; osmotic pressure
27
ACH receptors stimluate
thirst
28
Oxytocin is stimulated by
suckling
29
The anterior pituitary is controlled via releasing and inhibiting hormones transported through the _________________________
hypothalamo-hyophyseal portal system
30
Venous capillary system from the hypothalmus
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
31
6 releasing and inhibiting hormones
1. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH)
3. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) (dopamine)
4. Somatostatin
5. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
6. Growth hormone−releasing hormone (GHRH)
32
The final product regulates secretion of pituitary hormones - negative feedback inhibition for ____, ____, ____ and ___
ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
33
The relationship between the hypothalmaus, anterior pituitary and target tissue
axis
34
Inhibition at hypothalmus level inhibits
secretion of releasing hormones
35
Inhibition at pituitary gland level inhibits
response to hypothalamic hormones
36
_______ glands found atop kidneys
adrenal
37
Two parts that make up adrenal glands
1. outer adrenal cortex
2. inner adrenal medulla
38
Neural tissue that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic neural stimulation
Adrenal medulla
39
Glandular epithelium that secretes steroid hormones in response to ACTH
adrenal cortex
40
Three layers of the adrenal cortex
1. Zona glomerulosa
2. zona fasciculata
3. zona reticularis
41
_______ secretes hormones made from cholesterol
Adrenal cortex
42
hormones made from cholesterol are called
corticosteroids or coritcoids
43
_____ from the zona glomerulsa stimulate retention of Na+ and exrection of K+
mineralocorticoids
44
Mineralocorticoids stimulate retention of Na+ and excretionof K+ to regulate ________________, ________ and _____
blood volume and pressue
electroylte balance
45
Example of mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
46
_______ from the zona fasciculata regulate glucose metabolism
glucocorticoids
47
example of a glucocorticoid
cortisol
48
_____ stimluate protein degredation
glucocorticoid
49
stimulates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose utilization to raise blood glucoe levels
glucocorticoids
50
stimuilates lipolysis
glucocorticoids
51
____ from the zone reticularis are weak sex hormones that supplement those made in gonads
Adrenal androgens
52
example of adrenal androgen
DEHA
53
_ and _ activated with sympathetic response
epinephrine; norepinephrine
54
Have effects similar to sympathetic innervation, but last 10x longer
epinephrine and norepinephrine
55
Stress increases secretion of ______
ACTH
56
Increased secretion of ACTH results in increased __ release
glucocorticoid
57
Three stress hormones in adrenal gland
1. glucocorticoid
2. epinephrine
3. CRH
58
Cortisol acting on higher brain regions can contribute to _, ___ and __
depression
anxiety
memory
59
Stimluating the liver to release glucose casuses
insulin receptors to become resistant
60
located just below the larynx
thyroid gland
61
thw two lobes of the thyroid gland on either side of the trachea are connected by the
isthmus
62
Microscopic characteristics of Thyroid Gland
Hollow spaces lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
63
The hollow spaces in a microscopic thyroid gland
thyroid follicles
64
The simple cuboidal epithelium in thyroid glands are composed of ________ cells that produce ___
follicular; thyroxine
65
Fluid filling follicles of thyroid gland
colloid
66
Cells outside of thyroid follicles
parafollicular clels
67
parafollicular cells secrete
calcitonin
68
___ is made by the follicular cells of the thyroid
thyrogloblulin
69
Thyroid follicles actively accumulate _____ and secrete it into the colloid q
iodide
70
The iodide is attached to ______ within the thyroglobulin molecule
tyrosine
71
One iodine produces
monoiodotyrosine (MIT)
72
Two idonie produce
diiodotyrosine (DIT)
73
DIT + DIT =
tetraiodothyronine (T4)(
74
tetraiodothyronine is aka
thyroxine
75
DIT + MIT =
triiodothyronine (T3)
76
Actions of thyroid hormone
1. stimulate protein syntheis
2. promote maturation of nervous system
3. increase cellular respiration
4. elevate basal metabolic rate
77
Made by the parafollicular or C cells
calcitonin
78
What does calcitonin do to osteoclasts
Inhibit activity
79
Calcitonin ________ calcium from bone
dissolution of calcium
80
Calcitonin stimulates what
exretion of calcium in the kidneys
81
why does calcitonin stimulate exrection of calcium into the kidneys
to lower blood calcium levels
82
Iodide defiency leasd to _ of the thyroid gland
overstimulation
83
Iodine deficiency also leads to
hypothyrodism
84
Characterized by low metabolic rates, weight gain and lethargy, poor adaption to cold and stress and myzedema
hypothyrodism
85
Accumulation of fluids in subcutaneous connective tissues and around the eyes
myxedema
86
____ results from hypothyrodism during pregnancy to about 6 months after birth
cretinism
87
autoimmune disorder which autoantibodies bind to receptors for TSH on thyroid gland follicular cells
Graves' disease
88
Graves' disease casuese growth of ____ and stimulates ?
thyroid; excessive thyroide hormone secretion
89
Anatomical changes in the orbit of the eyes prodeuce bulging of the eyes
Graves' opthalmopathy
90
Graves' disease is _-_ times more common in woman than men
5;10
91
_____ secrete PTH
parathyroid glands
92
___ hormone promotes a rise in blood calcium by acting on bones, kidneys and intestine
parathyroid
93
the _ is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland
pancreas
94
Endocrine cells of the pancreas are located in
pancreatic islets
95
pancreatic islets aka
islets of Langerhans
96
Alpha cells in pancreas produce
glucagon
97
Beta cells in pancreas
insulin
98
Delta cells in pancreas
somatostatin
99
Primary hormone regulating plasma glucose
concentration
insulin
100
__________secreted by beta cells when blood glucose
levels rise after a sugary or carbohydrate mea
insulin
101
purpose is to lower blood glucose levels to the “normal” range.
insulin
102
When insulin binds to receptors on target cells, intracellular vesicles with _____ carrier proteins bind to the plasma membrane
GLUT4
103
After binding to the plasma membrane, glucose diffuses through GLUT4 channels by
facilitated diffusion
104
Insulin indirectly stimulates enzyme ______ in liver and skeletal muscles
glycogen synthase
105
this enzyme promotes sugar storage in liver and skeletal muscles
glycogen synthase
106
Insulin stimulates _______ to store fat
adipose tissue
107
antagonistic to insulin
glucagon
108
Secreted by alpha cells when blood glucose levels are
low
glucagon
109
Purpose is to raise blood glucose levels to a “normal”
range
glucagon
110
glucagon Stimulates _____ in the liver
glycogenolysis
111
Glycogenolysis in the liver is stimulated to __________ glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood
hydrolyze
112
Along with glucocorticoid hormones, stimulates
gluconeogenesis, conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose
glucagon
113
Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue so free fatty acids are
released and used as a fuel source instead of glucose
glucagon
114
Stimulates ketogenesis in the liver to supply ketone bodies as
an energy source
glucagon
115
______ is characterized by fasting hyperglycemia
and the presence of glucose in the urine
Diabetes mellitus
116
______ is caused by destruction of the beta cells
and the resulting lack of insulin secretion
Type 1 diabetes
117
_______ is caused largely by insulin resistance, or
decreased tissue sensitivity to the effects of insulin
(most common form)
Type 2 diabetes
118
Gestational diabetes occurs in about _of pregnancies
4%
119
Located on roof of third ventricle in the brain
pineal gland
120
highly innervated with sympathetic nerves from the superior
cervical ganglion
pineal gland
121
secretes melatonin
pineal gland
122
regresses in size as we age
pineal gland
123
the pineal gland is Regulated by the _________ of the hypothalamus through sympathetic neurons
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
124
Stimulates melatonin production when it gets dark
pineal gland
125
Part of the regulation of circadian rhythms
pineal gland
126
the pineal gland Requires _______found in the ganglion cells of the retina
melanopsin
127
Secretion related to puberty, jet lag, and seasonal
affective disorder
pineal gland
128
The sender and receiver are the same cell type
autocrine signals
129
The sender and receiver are different cell types/tissues
paracrine singals
130
Made from arachidonic acid released from phospholipids
in the plasma membrane using the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX)
prostaglandins
131
Prostaglandins are Made from arachidonic acid released from phospholipids
in the plasma membrane using the enzyme:
cyclooxygenase (COX)
132
example of prostaglandin action in the immune system
promotes inflammation, pain and fever
133
Inhibitors of Prostaglandin Synthesis
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
134
______ inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting the
enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX)
NSAIDs
135
Side effects of NSAIDs
gastric bleeding
kidney problems
less clotting
136
most common NSAID
aspirin
137
Other two NSAID's
indomethacin
ibuprofen
