Unit 2: Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
_____ responds to chemicals dissolved in food and drink
A
Taste
2
Q
____ responds to chemical molecules from the air
A
smell
3
Q
What greatly infulences gustation
A
Olfaction
4
Q
Taste is aka ?
A
gustation
5
Q
What are taste receptors called
A
Taste buds
6
Q
What are tastebuds made up of
A
50-100 specialized epithelial cells
7
Q
What is characteristic of the epithelial cells in taste buds?
A
They have long microvilli that extend out through the pore in the taste bud to the environment of the mouth
8
Q
_____ located in bumps on the tongue called papillae
A
taste buds
9
Q
Five categories of taste?
A
- Salty
- Sweet
- Sour
- Bitter
- Umami
10
Q
What 4 things influences taste?
A
Temperature
Texture
Chemical Concentration
Olfactory reception stimulation
11
Q
Olfactory receptors are located where?
A
The olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity
12
Q
The olfactor apparatus consists of what 3 parts
A
- bipolar olfactory sensory neurons
- supporting (sustentacular) cells
- basal stem cells
13
Q
___________ cells oxidize hydrophobic volatile odors
A
sustentacular
14
Q
_____ cells replace receptors damaged by the environment
A
Basal stem
15
Q
_______________ are bipolar neurons with one dendrite projecting into the naval cavity that ends in a ciliated knob
A
Olfactory receptors
16
Q
Proteins in olfactory cilia bind to ____?
A
odorant molecules
17
Q
Sympathetic division, postganglionic neurons releases what NT?
A
norepinephrine
18
Q
_______ genes code for _________ differnent olfactory receptords
A
380
19
Q
____ odorant molecule stimulates ___ protein in ___ sensory neuron
A
one
20
Q
The odor binding activates ______________ to make _________ and _______
A
Adenylate cyclase; cAMP’ PPi (pyrophosphate)
21
Q
What opens up Na+ and Ca2+ channels in olfaction?
A
cAMP
22
Q
Opening Na+ and Ca2+ channels produces what in olfaction?
A
A graded depolarization
23
Q
The graded depolarization in olfaction stimulates ______
A
the action potential
24
Q
How many G-proteins may be associated with 1 receptor protein?
A
Up to 50
25
The many G-proteins associated with 1 receptor protein causes what?
Great sensitivity through amplification
26
What is the function of the vestibular apparatus?
Balance/sense of equilibrium
27
Where is the vestibular apparatus located
in the inner ear
28
What makes up the vestibular apparatus?
Otolith organs and semicircular canals
29
_________ are made up of the utricle and saccule
Otolith organs
30
_____________ and ________ ----- linear acceleration
utricle; saccule
31
_____________ - rotational acceleratio
Semicircular canals
32
The inner ear consists of _______ surrounding ____
Bony labyrinth; membranous labyrinth
33
What is the fluid between both labyrinths in the inner ear?
Perilymph
34
What is the fluid inside the membranous labyrinth?
endolymph
35
Describe the sensory hair cells in the vestibular apparatus?
Modified epithelial cells with 20-50 hairlike extensions
36
What are the modified epithelial cells in the vestibular system called
Vestibular hair cells
37
What are the 20-50 hairlike extensions on vestibular hair cells called
stereocilia
kinocilium (only 1)
38
Modified microvilli which are arranged in rows of increasing height
Stereocilia
39
an even taller cilium which touches the stereocilia of the highest row
kinocilium
40
When stereocilia bend (towards the /away from) kinocilium, the hair cell is depolarized
towards
41
The hair cells release a neurotransmitter that ________ sensory dendrites in the vestibulocochlear nerve
depolarizes
42
When stereocilia bend (towards the /away from) kinocilium, the hair cell is hyperpolarized
away from
43
When the hair cell is hyperpolarized, it releases (more/less) neurotrasmitter
less
44
The frequency of action potentials in the sensory neurons that innervate the hair cells carries information about ________
the direction of movements
45
These provide information about linear acceleration
Utricle and Saccule
46
This provides information about horizontal linear acceleration
Utricle
47
This provides information about verticle linear acceleration
saccule
48
This specialized epithelium in the vestibular system houses hair cells
macula
49
In the vestibular system, the stereocilia of macular are embedded in what
gelatinous otolithic membrane
50
The gel the stereocilia contains what
cyrstals of calcium carbonate
51
The crystals of calcium carbonate found in the gel of vestibular system
otoliths
52
Otoliths aka
ear stones
53
___________ project along three planes to detect rotation
Semicircular canals
54
Each semicircular canal contains a __________ filled with endolymph
semicircular duct
55
At the base of each semicircular duct is an enlarged area called the
ampulla
56
Hair cells are embedded in the _________ of the semicircular canal, with stereocilia stuck into the gelatinous ______
crista ampullaris; cupula
57
Rotation of the semicircular canal makes the _________ circulate
endolymph
58
When the endolymph circulates the ___ is pushed
cupula
59
When the cupula is pushed, what happens to the hair cells
they bend
60
Human range of Hz:
20-20k Hz
61
Frequency is measured in
Hz
62
Intensity/Loudness is measured in
decibles
63
Human range of dB
0-80dB
64
In the outer ear, what are sound waves funneled by
the pinna/auricle
65
In the outer ear Where are soundwaves funneled to
the external auditory meatus
66
The external auditory meatus channels sound waves to the __________
tympanic membrane
67
The tympanic membrane is aka
eardrum
68
The air-filled cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea
middle ear
69
What are the three bones called in the middle ear
Auditory ossicles
70
What are the auditory ossicles?
1. Malleus
2. Incus
3. Stapes
71
What is the malleus connected to
the tympanic membrane
72
What is the outer bone in the middle ear
Malleus
73
What is the inner bone of the middle ear
Stapes
74
_______ are transmitted and amplified along the bones
Vibrations
75
The ____ is attached to the oval window
Stapes
76
The __________ transfers the vibrations into the cochlea
Stapes
77
______________ dampens the stapes if the sound is too intense
Stapedius muscle
78
The hearing part of the inner ear
Cochlea
79
The upper chamber of the cochlea is a portion of ___
the bony labyrinth
80
the portion of the bony labyrinth that makes the upper chamber of the cochlea is called the
scala vestibuli
81
The lower bony chamber of the cochlea :
scala tympani
82
Both chambers of the cochlea (upper and lower) are filled with
perilymph
83
The cochlea also contains a portion of the membranous labyrinth called the
scala media
84
The scala media is aka the
cohchlear duct
85
The scala media is filled with
endolymph
86
The scala media is what chamber of the cochlea
middle chamber
87
Small canal that connects the scala vestibuli to the scala tympani
Helicotrema
88
Vibrations from the oval window of the middle ear displace ____ in the scala vestibuli
Perilymph
89
Vibrations from the oval window of the middle ear displace perilymph in the _____
scala vestibuli
90
Vibrations in the middle ear pass through the___________into the ______________ through the endolymph
vestibular membrane; Cochlear duct
91
Vibraitions pass from the cochlear duct through the _________ into the perilymph of the ______
basilar membrane ; scala tympani
92
Vibrations leave the inner ear via the __________
round window
93
Sound waves are transmitted through the cochlear duct at locations that depend on what
frequency of the sound
94
Low frequency sounds travel where in the cochlea
Further down the spiral of the cochlea to the apex
95
High frequency sounds travel where in the cochlea
Closer to the base
96
Mechanosensory hair cells (stereocilia) are located on the ___________, projecting into the endolymph of the ________
Basilar membrane; cochlear duct
97
How many inner hair cells form one row that runs the length of the basilar membrane
3500
98
Each inner hair cell is innervated by ______ sensory neurons of Cranial nerve VII and relay sound
6-20
99
How many outer hair cells are arranged in rows with 3 rows per turn?
11,500
100
Outer hair cells are innervated by ________ that make them (lengthen/shorten) when depolarized and (lengthen/shorten) when hyperpolarized
motor neurons;shorten;lengthen
101
The spiral organ is made up of what
Basilar Membrane
Inner Hair Cells with sensory Fibers
Tecotrial Membrane
102
When sound enters the ____________, the _________ vibrates, bending stereocilia
scala media, tectorial membrane
103
When the stereocilia bends, K+ channels that are facing the endolymph (open/close)
open
104
After the K+ channels facing the endolymph open, K+ rushes in, __________ the cell
depolarizing
105
As the cell depolarizes, ________ is released onto sensory neurons
glutatmate
106
After glutamate is released onto sensory neurons, K+ returns passively to _______ at the base of the stereocilia
perilymph
107
Light passes through the _______ and into the _________
cornea; anteriror chamber of the eye
108
Light passes from the anterior chamber of the eye through the _______
pupil
109
After the pupil, light passes through the ___
lens
110
THe ____ changes shape to allow more or less light in
pupil
111
The __ changes shape to focus the image
lens
112
After the lens, the light passes through the _____ and the _____
posterior chamber; vitreous body
113
After light passes through the posterior chamber and vitreous body, it hits the __
retina
114
Pathway of light:
cornea --> anterior chamber of eye --> pupil --> lens --> posterior chamber and vitreous body --> retina
115
Photoreceptors are found in the
retina
116
The ______ absorbs light in the retina
pigmented choroid layer
117
Contraction of circular muscles via parasympathetic stimulation of the oculomotor nerve
constriction
118
Contraction of radial muscles (dilator papillae muscle) via sympathetic stimultation
dilation
119
The iris has what for eye color
pigmented epithelium
120
This part of the eye is composed of layers of living cells that are normally completely clear
lens
121
This part of the eye is avascular, anaerobic and has very low cell metabolism
lens
122
What are the muscles the lens is attached to called
ciliary bodies
123
_____ supports the lens by way of _____
Suspensory ligaments; zonular fibers
124
_______ fills anteriro and posterior chambers between the cornea + lens
aqueous humor
125
A clear, watery liquid secreted by ciliary bodies to provide nourishment to lens + cornea
Aqueous humor
126
The aqueous humor drains into the ________ back into the ___
scleral venous sinus ; venous blood
127
The scleral venous sinus is aka
Canal of Schlemm
128
Inadequate drainage of aqueous humor leads to
glaucoma
129
The ability of a the lens to keep an object focus on the retina as the distance between the eye and the object moves
accomodation
130
(contraction/relaxation) of the ciliary muscles allows the suspensory ligaments to relax and the lens to thicken and round up
contraction
131
(contraction/relaxation) of the ciliary muscle pulls on the suspensory ligaments causing the lens to thin and flatten
relaxation
132
Contraction of the lens is good for (close/distant) vision
close
133
Relaxation of the lens is good for (close/distant) vision
distant
134
The ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects
Resolving power
135
Sharpness of vision that depends upon resolving power
Visual acuity
136
Visual acuity is measured at how many feet
20
137
Visual acuity is measured with the
Snellen Eye Chart
138
Myopia is aka
nearsightedness
139
Distant images are brough to a point of focus in front of the retina
myopia
140
__________ is often due to an elongated eyeball
myopia
141
____ is corrected by concave lenses in eyeglasses
myopia
142
(convex/concave) lenses correct nearsightendess
concave
143
hyperopia is aka
farsightedness
144
Distant images are brought to a point of focus behind the retina
Hyperopia
145
____ is often due to a short eyeball
hyperopia
146
(convex/concave) lenses correct farsightedness
convex
147
Asymmetry of the cornea and/or lens curvatures causes
Astigmatism
148
Gets several points of focus on the retina causing
astigmatism
149
What type of lenses corrects astigmatisms
cylindrical
150
A forward extension of the brain, so the neural layers face outward toward the incoming light
Retina
151
Neuron axons in the retina are gathered at a point called the
Optic disc
152
Optic disc aka
blind spot
153
The neuron acons gather at the optic disc and exit as the
optic nerve
154
Blood vessels enter and leave what part of the eye
retina
155
The two photoreceptors
rods and cones
156
Where are photoreceptors located in the retina
the inner layer towards the vitreous body
157
Photoreceptors synapse on a middle layer of _____
bipolar cells
158
The middle layer of bipolar cells synapsed on by the photoreceptors synapse on the outer layer of
retinal ganglion cells
159
There are also horizontal cells and ___ cells within the layers of the retina
amacrine
160
This segment of rods and cones is "full of flattened discs with photopigment molecules"
Outer segment
161
This segment of rods and cones "contains the cell organelles"
inner segment
162
____ allow for black and white vision in low light
rods
163
___ contain the purple pigment which absorbs green light best
rods
164
the purple pigment which absorbs green light best
rhodopsin
165
Absorption causes rhodopsin to dissociate into ________ and
____
retinaldehyde; opsin
166
Retinaldehyde is derived from ____
vitamin A
167
The process of rhodopsin dissociating is called t
The bleaching reaction q
168
In rhodopsin, retinal exists in a _______ form
11-cis
169
After bleaching, the retinal is in a _____ form and separates from __
all-trans
opsin
170
Retinaldehyde is aka
retinal or retinene
171
The separation of retinal from opsin changes ___________ of the rod and results in production of the nerve impulse
ionic permeability
172
11-cis retinal --bleached--> all trans retinal + opsin separation occurs in what cells
pigment epithelial cells
173
In the dark, photoreceptors (hyperpolarize/depolarize) bipolar cells
hyperpolarize
174
In the dark, Na+ channels in rods and cones are always open causing the photoreceptor to (hyperpolarize/depolarize)
depolarize
175
the depolarization of the photorecptor is called the
dark current
176
The dark current allows the photoreceptor to release (inhibitory/uninhibitory) neurotransmitters, therefore stimulating the bipolar cells
inhibitory
177
When light hits photoreceptors, dissociation of rhodopsin activates ___________________, which closes Na+ channels
G-protein/2nd messenger system
178
In retinal cells, G-proteins are called
transducins
179
Alpha transducin activates the enzyme
phosphodiesterase
180
What does phosphodiesterase do
converts cGMP to GMP
181
The activation of phosphodiesterase (opens/closes) cGMP-gated Na+ channels
closes
182
Closing cGMP-gated Na+ channels inhibits _____
the dark current
183
When light hits photoreceptors, they are (depolarized/hyperpolarized)
hyperpolarized
184
When light hits photoreceptors, what happens to inhibition of bipolar cells?
It's lifted
185
Bipolar cells activate _________ that transmit action potentials to the brain
Ganglion cells
186
These are less sensitive to light, but allows color vision and greater visual activity
cones
187
Trichromatric vision involes __- types of cones
3
188
S cone wavelength and color
short wavelengths, blue
189
M cone wavelength and color
medium, green
190
L cone wavelength and color
long, red
191
Instead of opsins, photopigments have
photoposins with retinene
192
Photopsins (vary/are the same) in each type of cone
vary
193
Cone response depends on what
wavelength
light intensity
194
Where is vision the best at in the retina
The fovea centralis
195
Where is the fovea centralis located within
the macula lutea
196
Why is vision the best at teh fovea centralis?
Other retina layers are pushed aside, light directly falls on cones
197
Each cone has a _:_ relationship with a ganglion cell in the fovea centralis , allowing great visual acuity
1:1
198
The usual relationship cones have with ganglion cell is
105:1
199
Convergence of lots of rods onto a single ganglion cell increases
light sensitivity
200
_______________ movements continually shift parts of the visual field onto the fovea
saccadic eye movements
