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Higher Human Biology > Unit 2-Blood Glucose Levels And Obesity > Flashcards

Unit 2-Blood Glucose Levels And Obesity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are normal blood glucose levels?

A

4 to 7 millimoles per litre

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2
Q

Why do cells need a supply of glucose?

A

For respiration for energy.

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3
Q

What level of blood glucose may indicate a person has diabetes?

A

An elevated blood glucose level.

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4
Q

What can happen if someone has chronic elevated blood glucose levels?

A

Endothelial lining blood vessels absorb far more glucose than normal.

Can cause atherosclerosis and blood vessel damage.

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5
Q

What is the difference between macrovascular and microvascular disease?

A

Macrovascular disease refers to damage to large blood vessels.

Microvascular disease refers to damage to small blood vessels.

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6
Q

Give an example of what macrovascular disease can lead to?

A

cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks

stroke

peripheral vascular disease - reduced blood flow to the legs, arms or other parts of the body

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7
Q

Give an example of what microvascular disease can lead to?

A

haemorrhaging of blood flow vessels in the retina, which can result in blindness

renal failure

peripheral nerve dysfunction - this can cause numbness or pain, and slow or stop the healing of injuries in the hands and feet.

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8
Q

Name the organs involved in glucose balance?

A

Pancreas and liver

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9
Q

Name the hormones involved in glucose balance?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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10
Q

When is insulin released into the body?

A

When glucose levels in the blood increase.

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11
Q

What does insulin turn glucose into?

A

Glycogen

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12
Q

When is glucagon released in the body?

A

When glucose levels in the blood decrease.

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13
Q

Where is glycogen found in the body?

A

In the liver.

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14
Q

Where is glucagon made in the body?

A

The pancreas.

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15
Q

What is the target organ of glucagon?

A

The liver

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16
Q

Where is glucose found in the body?

A

In the bloodstream.

17
Q

What does glucagon turn glycogen into?

A

Glucose.

18
Q

Where are both glucagon and insulin released from?

A

The pancreas.

19
Q

Describe what happens after someone has eaten in terms of blood glucose levels and hormones?

A

Start with normal blood glucose levels.

Eating causes an increase in blood glucose detected by the receptor cells in the pancreas.

The pancreas releases more insulin and less glucagon into the blood.

The liver converts glucose in the blood into glycogen for storage.

Blood glucose concentration returns back to a normal level.

20
Q

Describe what happens after someone exercises in terms of blood glucose levels and hormones?

A

Start with normal blood glucose level.

Exercise causes a decrease in blood glucose detected by receptor cells in the pancreas.

The pancreas releases more glucagon and less insulin into the blood.

The liver now converts glycogen into glucose for release into the blood.

The blood glucose concentration returns to a normal level.

21
Q

During a fight or flight reaction when the body needs additional supplies of glucose to provide energy quickly, what do the adrenal glands secrete?

A

An increased volume of adrenaline into the bloodstream.

22
Q

Where is adrenaline secreted from?

A

The adrenal glands.

23
Q

How does adrenaline provide more glucose to the body?

A

It increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles and the level of glucose in the blood.

Adrenaline stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose.

This is released into the bloodstream.

24
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1-pancreas fails to produce enough insulin.

Type 2-body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas.

25
Q

At what stage of life does type 1 diabetes normally occur?

A

Childhood or early teens.

26
Q

At what stage of life does type 2 diabetes normally occur?

A

Adulthood

27
Q

What is the treatment of type 1 diabetes?

A

Regular injections of insulin and a careful diet.

28
Q

What is the treatment of type 2 diabetes?

A

Exercise, diet control, weight loss and in some cases insulin injections.

29
Q

In both type 1 and 2 diabetes, what will happen to a sufferer after eating a meal?

A

Blood glucose levels will increase rapidly after a meal.

Kidneys are unable to cope, resulting in glucose being lost in the urine.

30
Q

What is the test for diabetes?

A

The glucose tolerance test.

31
Q

How does the glucose tolerance test work?

A

Fasting blood glucose levels measured.

Then they are given 250-300ml of glucose solution and their blood glucose levels are measured again over the next 2 hours.

The blood glucose concentration of a diabetic usually starts at a higher level than that of a non-diabetic.

During the test, the diabetics blood glucose concentration rises to a much higher level than that of a non-diabetic and takes a longer time to return to its starting concentration.

32
Q

What is obesity a major risk factor for?

A

Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

33
Q

What factors contribute to obesity?

A

Most common is excessive consumption of food rich in fats and free sugars combined with a lack of exercise.

34
Q

What is obesity categorised as?

A

Obesity is categorised as excess body fat in comparison to lean tissue such as muscle.

35
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

BMI = weight (in kg) / height squared (in m)

36
Q

What BMI value shows a person is

i) overweight
ii) obese

A

i) between 25 and 30 kg/m2
ii) over 30 kg/m2

37
Q

Why are there limitations to BMI?

A

Cannot tell the difference between different types of body tissue.

38
Q

How can exercise help to reduce factors for CVD?

A

Exercise can help to reduce risk factors for CVD by:

  • Keeping obesity under control
  • Minimising stress
  • Reducing blood pressure
  • Improving HDL:LDL lipid profiles

Higher Human Biology (27 decks)

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