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Higher Human Biology > Unit 1-Division And Differentiation In Human Cells > Flashcards

Unit 1-Division And Differentiation In Human Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Any cell in the body other than cells involved in reproduction.

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2
Q

Process by which somatic cells divide

A

Somatic cells divide by mitosis

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3
Q

Cells produced by mitosis

A

Identical daughter cells

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4
Q

Why is it important that somatic cells divided by mitosis?

A

Daughter cells obtain all of the genetic info they need to function or no genetic info is lost or to maintain the diploid chromosome number.

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5
Q

Why do somatic cells divide?

A

For growth and repair to maintain the total number of cells.

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6
Q

What are examples of somatic cells?

A

Red blood cells, muscle cells, and hair cells, etc.

(All body cells of an organism – apart from the sperm and egg cells)

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7
Q

What are germline cells?

A

Cells in the sexual organs that produce sperm and eggs.

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8
Q

How do germline cells divide to produce more germline cells?

A

By mitosis.

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9
Q

What are examples of gametes?

A

Sperm and egg.

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10
Q

Process by which germline cells divide to produce gamete cells?

A

By meiosis.

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11
Q

Meaning of haploid and diploid

A

Haploid contains one set of chromosomes.

Diploid contains two sets of chromosomes.

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12
Q

What is the main difference between Meiosis and Mitosis?

A

Meiosis
2 rounds of cell division to produce 4 genetically different haploid daughter cells.
Mitosis
1 round of cell division to produce 2 genetically identical diploid cells.

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13
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised somatic cells which can divide to make copies of themselves and/or differentiate into specialised cells.

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14
Q

What is Cellular Differentiation?

A

A cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristic for that type of cell.
Allows cells to carry out specialised functions.

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15
Q

Difference between pluripotent and multipotent

A

Pluripotent can give rise to all types of cell.

Multipotent can differentiate into any of the types of cell of the same tissue type.

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16
Q

Are adult tissue stem cells capable of dividing into a wide range of differentiated cells?

A

No (multipotent)

17
Q

Are embryonic stem cells capable of dividing into a wide range of differentiated cells?

A

Yes (pluripotent)

18
Q

Why does adult tissue need stem cells?

A

To maintain cell numbers, by repairing/replacing damaged cells within tissues or organs

19
Q

Term for cells that can differentiate into any specialised cell type?

A

Pluripotent

20
Q

Are cells in the very early embryo pluripotent or multipotent?

A

Pluripotent

21
Q

Where are adult tissue stem cells found?

A

Adult tissue stem cells are found in the tissue of adults and children, including the brain skin and bone marrow.

22
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found?

A

In the inner cell mass of early embryos around 4-5 days.

23
Q

Where is the location of the tissue stem cells which develop into blood cells?

A

Bone marrow

24
Q

What can stem cell research be used for?

A

Providing info on how cell processes work

Drug testing

Researching diseases

25
Q

Therapeutic uses of stem cells

A

Repair of damaged or diseased organs or tissues

(skin graft for burn victims)

26
Q

In a developing embryo, how are tissues such as muscle and nerve produced?

A

By somatic cells dividing by mitosis

27
Q

After meiosis are the daughter cells genetically identical or different?

A

Different

28
Q

After mitosis are the daughter cells genetically identical or different?

A

Identical

29
Q

Are gametes diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

30
Q

Describe how cancer can develop and spread through the body?

A

Cancer cells divide excessively because they do not respond to regulatory signals and therefore the cells don’t die. This results in a mass of abnormal cells called a tumour.

31
Q

Describe how division of a diploid cell by meiosis produces haploid gametes?

A

Each chromosome makes a copy of itself.

Pairs of chromosomes line up together then cell divides.

The two new cells immediately divide again producing 4 cells with a single set of chromosomes.

32
Q

How many chromosomes do diploid cells have?

A

46

33
Q

How many chromosomes do haploid cells have?

A

23

34
Q

How many pairs of chromosome do germline cells have?

A

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

35
Q

What is each of the 4 parts of the ‘X’ shape of the chromosome called?

A

The chromatids

36
Q

What is the very centre of the chromosome called?

A

The centrome

Higher Human Biology (27 decks)

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