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Higher Human Biology > Unit 1-Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Unit 1-Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen -> energy + water + carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What must be present for aerobic respiration to occur?

A

Oxygen.

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3
Q

What happens if no oxygen is present in respiration?

A

The glucose is broken down by a process called fermentation.

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4
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation?

A

glucose -> little energy + lactate

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5
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate.

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6
Q

What is ATP?

A

A high energy molecule that provides the energy required in the body

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7
Q

What is ATP made up of?

A

Adenosine and three inorganic phosphate (Pi) groups.

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8
Q

When is energy released from ATP?

A

Energy stored in ATP is released when the bond attaching the last phosphate (Pi) group is broken.

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9
Q

What is formed when the energy is released from ATP?

A

Adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate.

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10
Q

Where does the energy come from to make ATP from ADP + Pi in respiration?

A

The breakdown of glucose in during respiration.

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11
Q

Why is there a constant supply of ATP in our cells?

A

There is a constant supply of ATP in our cells as it is synthesised as fast as it is used.

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12
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Phosphorylation is an enzyme controlled process by which a phosphate group is added to a molecule.

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13
Q

What is an example of phosphorylation?

A

Phosphorylation occurs when Pi is added to ADP to make ATP.
Phosphorylation also occurs when phosphate (Pi) and energy are transferred from ATP to the molecules of a reactant in a metabolic pathway making them more reactive. Due to this some steps in a pathway can only proceed if a reactant becomes phosphorylated and energised, like when glucose is phosphorylised to form glucose - 1 phosphate (more details about this on another slide.

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14
Q

What are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration?

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Citric Acid Cycle
3) Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

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15
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate in the cytoplasm.

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the Cytoplasm.

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17
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A

Glucose (6C) is broken down first into an intermediate compound then into two molecules of pyruvate (3C).

18
Q

What are the 2 phosphorylation reactions that occur in glycolysis called?

A

The energy investment stage and the energy pay off stage.

19
Q

What happens in the energy investment stage of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP are used up per molecule of glucose and it involves two phosphorylation reactions. The first is the phosphorylation of glucose and the second is the phosphorylation of the intermediate compound produced into another intermediate compound. In both cases the Pi that is required comes from a molecule of ATP being broken down to ADP and Pi - thus 2 ATP molecules are required in the energy investment phase.

20
Q

What happens in the energy pay off stage of glycolysis?

A

In the energy pay off stage, enough energy is produced to be able to regenerate 4 ATP molecule. During this dehydrogenase removes hydrogen ions and passes them to the co-enzyme NAD to form NADH which is taken to the electron transport chain.

21
Q

What does glycolycis not require that aerobic respiration does?

A

Oxygen

22
Q

What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

A

2ATP

23
Q

What does dehydrogenase do in glycolysis?

A

Dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions from the intermediate compound along with it’s associated electrons and passes them to the coenzyme NAD forming NADH.

24
Q

What is the word equation for dehydrogenase in glycolysis?

A

2NAD -> 2NADH

25
Q

What is the general purpose of dehydrogenase?

A

To remove hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them to the co-enzyme NAD, forming NADH.

26
Q

Where does the NADH from glycolycis go?

A

NADH then travels to the (ETC) electron transport chain.

27
Q

Where does the dehydrogenase enzyme appear in aerobic respiration?

A

In both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

28
Q

Where does most of the NADH produced go to?

A

The electron transport chain.

29
Q

In aerobic conditions what is pyruvate broken down into?

A

An acetyl group.

30
Q

What is released from the break down of pyruvate into an acetyl group?

A

CO2 is released and dehydrogenase removes hydrogen ions and passes them to its co-enzyme NAD to form NADH.

31
Q

What does the acetyl group combine with during aerobic respiration and what does this produce?

A

The acetyl group combines with co-enzyme A to form acetyl co-enzyme A.

32
Q

What does acetyl co-enzyme A combine with and what does this form?

A

Acetyl co-enzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.

33
Q

What happens to the citrate in the citric acid cycle?

A

During a series of enzyme controlled steps, citrate is gradually converted back into oxaloacetate which results in the generation of a small amount of ATP, NADH and release of CO2.

34
Q

What is citrate broken down into and what does this release?

A

A 5C compound and releases NADH and CO2.

35
Q

What is the 5C compound broken down into and what does this release?

A

A 4C compound. Produces a small amount of ATP, NADH and releases CO2.

36
Q

What is the 4C compound broken down into and what does this release?

A

Another 4C compound produces NADH.

37
Q

What is the other 4C compound broken down into and what does this release?

A

Oxaloacetate and produces NADH.

38
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria.

39
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

In the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

40
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle releases the hydrogen ions. The electrons from these are cascaded down the chain releasing energy which is used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane. The return flow of hydrogen ions drives the membrane protein ATP synthase and produce the bulk of the ATP generated by cellular respiration. The final electron acceptor is oxygen which combines with hydrogen ions and low energy electrons to form water.

41
Q

How much ATP is produced per glucose molecule?

A

38 ATP

Higher Human Biology (27 decks)

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