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Higher Human Biology > Unit 1-Gene Expression > Flashcards

Unit 1-Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

Ways that RNA differs from DNA

A

RNA is single-stranded while DNA is double-stranded.

RNA has a sugar called ribose while DNA has a sugar called deoxyribose.

RNA has the base uracil while DNA has the base thymine.

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2
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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3
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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4
Q

What is the function of messenger RNA?

A

Carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome.

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5
Q

What is the function of transfer RNA?

A

Picks up a specific amino acid from the cytoplasm and brings it to the ribosome

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6
Q

What is the function of ribosomal RNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins form the ribosome

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7
Q

Where is mRNA made?

A

In the nucleus

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8
Q

In RNA what are the four types of bases?

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

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9
Q

What is the complementary base pair for adenine in RNA?

A

Uracil

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10
Q

How are proteins made?

A

Proteins are made by joining together amino acids in a specific sequence.

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11
Q

What determines the type of protein formed?

A

The order of amino acids (which depends on the order/sequence of the bases in the DNA

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12
Q

Gene expression is made up of which two processes?

A

Transcription and translation

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13
Q

Synthesis of the primary RNA molecule from a DNA template

A

Transcription

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14
Q

Synthesis of a polypeptide chain from a mRNA

A

Translation

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15
Q

What are the stages of transcription?

A
  1. DNA unwinds
  2. Primary transcript of mRNA using RNA nucleotides.
  3. The primary transcript of mRNA is processed to produce a mature transcript of mRNA.
  4. The mature mRNA transcript is now ready to leave the nucleus and travel to the ribosome.
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16
Q

What is the strand of mRNA produced by transcription called?

A

The Primary Transcript

17
Q

What does the primary transcript contain?

A

Exons and introns

18
Q

What are the introns of the primary transcript?

A

Introns are non-coding regions that have to be removed.

19
Q

What are the exons of the primary transcript?

A

Exons are coding regions and are joined together to form the mature transcript.

20
Q

What is DNA splicing?

A

DNA splicing is where introns are removed and the exons are joined together to form a mature transcript of mRNA.

21
Q

What happens once the mature transcript of mRNA is produced?

A

The mature mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.

22
Q

Where is tRNA found?

A

In a cell’s cytoplasm

23
Q

What is translation?

A

Translation is the synthesis of a protein in the form of a polypeptide chain of amino acids.

24
Q

What does each codon contain?

A

Each codon contains the code for one amino acid.

25
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Translation occurs on the ribosome.

26
Q

What does the start codon indicate?

A

The start codon indicates to the tRNA where to add the first amino acid.

27
Q

What happens to the tRNA after the polypeptide is formed?

A

It leaves the ribosome once the polypeptide has been formed.

28
Q

What are amino acids linked by and what does this form?

A

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptides.

29
Q

What does the polypeptide fold to form and how is this held together?

A

Polypeptide chains fold to form the three-dimensional shape of a protein, held together by hydrogen bonds and other interactions between individual amino acids.

30
Q

What is the phenotype determined by?

A

Phenotype is determined by the proteins produced as the result of gene expression.

31
Q

How can different proteins be expressed from one gene?

A

Different proteins can be expressed from one gene, as a result of alternative RNA splicing.

32
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The switching on or off of a gene to make a specific protein.

Higher Human Biology (27 decks)

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