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Geography > Unit 2 B - The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

Unit 2 B - The Changing Economic World Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development ?

A

Progress of a country in terms of economic growth, use of tech and improving welfare

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2
Q

What’s the development gap?

A

Difference in development between countries

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3
Q

What’s the birth rate?

A

Number of births per 1000 of the population per year

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4
Q

What’s the death rate ?

A

Number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

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5
Q

5 measures of development …

A

-people per doctor

  • Literacy rate
  • life expectancy

-human development index

-infant mortality rate

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6
Q

Issues with development indicators?

A

Single measured give an average for a whole country, doesn’t show different levels of development

Date is out of date

Stats don’t consider informal economies

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7
Q

What’s the demographic transition model?

A

A model showing how populations change over time in terms of birth and death rates and population size

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8
Q

What happens as a country becomes more developed?

A

Total population rises up to a certain point.

Birth and death rate decrease

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9
Q

What’s emancipation?
How does it link to the demographic transition model?

A

Women in jobs

Women getting jobs lowers the birth rate

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10
Q

Why does the birth rate still remain high in stage 2 of the demographic transition model?

A

Lack of contraception

Women haven’t yet been emancipated

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11
Q

Strengths of the demographic transition model (DMT)

A

-Based on the uk.

-other countries like Japan and France followed similar patterns

-simple to use and understands changed over time

-NEES have followed a similar pattern but processed faster

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12
Q

Weaknesses of the demographic transition model (DMT)..

A
  • technology means death rates have fallen more rapidly than was observed in Europe
  • governments acted on the data
    Eg- china brung in one child policy
  • countries go back stages such as Zimbabwe slipped back to famine after development
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13
Q

3 causes of uneven development…

A

-Physical
-historical
-economic

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14
Q

2 historical causes of uneven development …

A

-Colonisation
-conflict

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15
Q

Why is colonisation (historical) a cause of uneven development .

A

-European countries colonised many countries in Africa and Asia.

-previously colonised country gains independence —->lower level of development

-colonisers removed raw materials, took and sold the products

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16
Q

How does conflict (historical factor) cause uneven development ?

A

-money spent on arms production and training soldiers instead of development

-people killed, damage done to property

-services like healthcare and education disrupted —> increases mortality rate, decreased literary rate

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17
Q

Physical causes of uneven development ?

A

Poor climate - prevent access to food causing malnutrition, less trade

Poor farming land - hard to produce food

Fewer raw materials - fewer products to export and make money, money needed for development

Lots of natural disasters - money spent on rebuilding stuff after natural disasters

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18
Q

Economic causes of uneven development ….

A

Poor trade links - struggle to make money from trade , less money to spend on development

Lots of debt - poor countries borrow money , have to pay back +interest

Trade of primary products - price of cocoa dropped below the cost of production in Ghana in 2018

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19
Q

3 consequences of uneven development ….

A

Health
Wealth
International migration

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20
Q

What’s GNI?

A

Total value of goods produced by a country

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21
Q

What’s the gini coefficient

A

A measured of internal disparities within a county

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22
Q

Where is healthcare better HIC OR LIC?
Life expectancy in CHAD VS UK?
Infant mortality in UK VS CHAD

A

-HIC
-Chad = 53 , UK =81
-UK = 3.7 deaths per 100 births
Chad= 73 deaths per 100 births

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23
Q

What has a higher gini coefficient , HIC or LIC?

A

LICs have a higher gini coefficient

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24
Q

In LICS and HICs what are the % of deaths people under 15?

A

LICs = 40% of deaths are people under 15
HICs = 1% of deaths among children under 15

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25
Q

Why do health disparities exist?
In 2021, how many people did diarrhoea kill in South Sudan

A

-countries lack money to spend on healthcare —>people die from preventable illnesses
-1.17 million

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26
Q

International migration as a cause of uneven development.
Where do LICs and NEEs go to escape conflict and improve quality of life.
How many people legally move to the us from Mexico every year ?

A

-HICs
130,000 people move from Mexico to the US every year legally

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27
Q

Physical push factors of migrating ?
Physical pull factors of migration ?

A

-harsh climate , natural disasters , inaccessible
-scenic qualities , cheap land , temperature /hazard free zone

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28
Q

7 ways to reduce the development gap ?

A

Investment
Fair trade
Micro finance loans
Using intermediate technology
Aid
Industrial development
Debt relief

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29
Q

What’s foreign direct investment and how does it reduce the development gap ?
Example of this

A

-People / companies invest in property of infrastructure in another company
-this means they have better aces to finance technology
Eg:1987-2018 Vietnam received more than £182 billion

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30
Q

What is aid and how is it used to reduce the development gap?
Example …
Disadvantage of aid ?

A

-money or reasources given to a country by charity

-money used for development projects

Eg:uk provided 180 mil to South Sudan

Disadvantage-wasted by corrupt governments

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31
Q

What is fair trade and how does it reduce the development gap ?
Eg…
Disadvantage…

A

-farmers in LICs getting a fair price for their goods (coffee, bananas )
-increases income
Eg-in 2016 tea farmers in Malawi used their premium to expand a hospital
Disadvantage - only some of the extra money reaches producers

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32
Q

What is using intermediate technology in reducing the development gap?
Example …

A

-simple tools and machines to improve the quality of life

-solar panelled light bulbs in Nepal allow people to work at night

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33
Q

What are microfincnace loans and how do they help close the development gap ?
Disadvantage -

A

-Small loans given to people in LICs who can’t get loans from the bank

-helps them start a business and become financially independent

Disadvantage - causes debt

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34
Q

What is debt relief and how does it help close the development gap ?
Example…

A

-Some or all of a countries debt is cleared.

-country has more to spend on development

Eg- Zambia had 4 billion of debt cleared in 2005

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35
Q

What’s our example of increasing tourism through development ?

A

Kenya (In Africa)

36
Q

Advantages of increasing development in Kenya through tourism…

A

-600,000 people employed in Kenya tourism industry

-from 2000-2022 Kenya’s score on the human development index has increased by 0.15%

-24 national parks that charge entry fees for tourists

37
Q

Disadvantages of increasing development through tourism in Kenya …

A
  • tribes forced of land to create national parks for tourists

-tourist vehicles damadge environment

-only a small amount of money goes to locals, rest goes to HIC companies overseas

38
Q

NEE country case study for changing economic world ?

A

NIGERIA

39
Q

Where is Nigeria!

A

Nigeria is in the west of Africa and south from Sudan

40
Q

Global importance of Nigeria …

A

12 largest producer of oil in the world

-fifth largest contributor to UN peacekeeping around the world

-21st largest economy

41
Q

Importance of Nigeria in Africa …

A

-Highest gdp in Africa

-largest population in Africa (182 million )

-largest farming output in Africa (70% employed in this industry)

-19 million cattle

42
Q

Benefits of being employed in nigerias secondary (manufacturing) sector

A

-regular paid work gives people a secure income to improve their lives

-manufactures goods available for people to buy

-attracts foreign contrives to invest in Nigeria , creating more jobs

43
Q

2 Transnational corporations in Nigeria

A

Shell oil
Unilever

44
Q

(THis is about a advantages of a TNC)
What’s unilever
How many people does it employ
Why’s the company sustainable ?
What was it voted and when?

A

Unilever manufacture soap using Nigerian grown palm oil.

1500 people

Palm oil comes from sustainable sources to protect environment.
Company works with locals

Voted 2 nd best company to work for in Nigeria in 2014

45
Q

(Disadvantages in of a TNC)

A

-oil spills cause water pollution and damaged the land in Nigeria
-toxic fumes polluting air in Nigeria
-oil theft is costing the government billions in TNS countries

46
Q

Why does Nigeria receive international aid?

A

-they have limited acess to safe water

-60% of population live on less than 63p per day

-birth rates and infant mortality rates are high

-life expectancy low

47
Q

Negatives of aid being given to Nigeria …

A

-Corruption in government means aid doesn’t always get to the right people

-claims money is used to supply the navy

48
Q

Examples of Nigeria benefiting from aid…

A

-nets for life project educates people on malaria. Provides nets to households to prevent spread on disease

-world bank funded loans to businesses to help diversify them away from being reliant on oil

-UK government funded health and hiv programmes providing education in rural areas. (Protects people from infection)

49
Q

Issues with industrial growth in Nigeria ?

A

-Nigeria has 5000 industrial plants this has lead to…

-pollution of nearby land and rivers

-breathing and lung problems from fumes

50
Q

Issues with urban growth in Nigeria …

A

-squatter settlements

-traffic congestion —> high levels of pollution

-70-80% of forests destroyed through logging , agriculture and urban development

51
Q

Issues with mineral and oil extraction in Nigeria …

A

-Oil spills damadge freshwater leading to loss of marine life

-oil spills cause fires—> co2 released —> acid rain

52
Q

What are the 4 sectors and what do they mean

A

Primary - working with raw materials

Secondary - making stuff (manufacturing )

Tertiary- offering a service

Quaternary- often involves research

53
Q

What’s globalisation?

A

Growth and spread of ideas around the world. Things becoming more interconnected

54
Q

What’s happened to the number of people working in the primary sector from 1950-now

A

Decreased by 15%

55
Q

What’s happened to the number of people working in the tertiary and quaternary sector between 1950-now

A

Tertiary- increased by 30%
Quaternary- increased by 10%

56
Q

Why has the secondary sector (manufacturing ) decreased?

A

Factories moved overseas

57
Q

What’s de-industrialisation

A

Reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy

58
Q

What are the causes of de-industrialisation?

A

-Newly emerging economies like china opened their countries to global business in the 1980s —-> UK firms moved there —> cheaper —-> more profit

-industries like coal have shut down, instead goods are imported into the UK from abroad where labour and land is cheaper.

-strict environmental laws about producing goods

59
Q

Benefits of globalisation for the UK…

A

-UK economy grows as there more trade with the rest of the world

-migration, migrants come to the uk to fill jobs, we have a shortage of skilled workers

-cheaper goods and services, items are cheaper as they’re produced in LICS and NEE’s

-foreign investments

60
Q

Negatives of globalisation for the UK…

A

-Less manufacturing , fewer goods produced in UK—> factories close —> jobs lost

-outsourcing jobs, jobs that used to be done in the UK can now be done anywhere

61
Q

What % of the uk workforce do tertiary and quaternary occupy?

A

83%

62
Q

4 important industries in tertiary or quaternary ?

A

Service
Finance
Information technology
Research

63
Q

Why do companies do research in the UK?

A

people in UK well educated

-High skilled labour force

-great reputation

-good facilities

64
Q

Factors in the post industrial economy ( jobs)

A

-IT

-service INDUSTRIES

-finance and research

-science and business parks

65
Q

Importance of the UK IT industry ?( post industrial economy )

A
  • estimated at 942 billion per year In UK

-Mant UK companies looking to locate data centres close to home, so this is a growth area

  • UKs cyber security market has grown
66
Q

How has the growth of service industries contributed to the economy during thepost industrial economy ..

A

-Service sector makes up 80% of UKS economy

-UK exports services such as tourism and education

-people from other countries come to the UK for these services ( education, jobs )

-Uk is second largest exported of services globally

67
Q

How does finance and research help the UK during the post industrial economy ?

A

Helps the UK grow in a more sustainable way

68
Q

What are science and business parks and where are they often found ?
Feautures of them that make them good to work In…
How have they helped?

A

-special places for company offices , often found on the edge of cities ( Bristol). Near unis to attract graduates

-pleasant environments, parking , green space .

-helped IT, service and finance and research business work together

69
Q

Why has the number of science and business parks grown?

A

-Large, growing demand for high tech products ( these parks assist with this )

-UK has a high number of research industries

-clusters of related businesses in one place boost eachover

70
Q

Negative about science and business parks?

A

Accidentally caused congestion and increases house prices in the local area

71
Q

Issues caused by industries ..

A

1)industrial waste

-2)air pollution

3)research exploitation

4)energy use

72
Q

Ways an industry should be sustainable …

A

1)recycle the product

2)reduce waste produced

3)reduce the need for fossil fuels

4)conserve natural resources

73
Q

In general what is happening with the sustainability of car industries ?

A

It’s improving

74
Q

Sustainable industry example..

A

Jaguar land rover

75
Q

How are jaguar landrover increasing sustainability? What is carbon off setting and what’s it impact ?

A

1) increasing fuel efficiency to reduce C02 emissions

2)they’ll have 9 full electric cars by 2030–> reduces carbon emissions

3)they’ll have do carbon offsetting
-planting 🌳, investing in renewable energy.
-impact ( company has positive impact on environment )

4) Wolverhampton engine plant which has cycle paths and uses solar panels for energy (not fossil fuels )

76
Q

Example of rural area ?

A

Coggeshall ( Essex)

77
Q

What are 3 causes of rural population growth in coggeshall ?
3 impacts ?

A

-3Causes
1)village has good links along A120 to nearby major settlements
2)location in rural area makes it an inviting environment and pleasant community
3)get commuters into London by a 40 min 🚂

-3impacts
1)positive - growing population means historical sites get enough income to stay open
2)positive-local healthcare and education services are well used by growing population so are high standard
3) negative - many new residents are unaware of local cultures / events so they’re slowly dying out

78
Q

What’s the cycle of rural decline (5stages)

A

1)People especially young , leave for more opportunities in urban areas.

2)employers find it hard to recruit labour

3)less investment happens in the area and businesses shut

4)shops and services decline due to less employment and people,

5)people notice decline and lower quality of life

79
Q

What’s the north- south divide in the UK?

A

There’s a wealth divide

80
Q

Physical factor of the north- south divide in
Social factor
4Economic factors
2Past factors

A

Physical- hills and mountains in wales ,northern England and Scotland

Social factors - better quality education

Economic - better jobs therefore people can afford the higher prices
-huge investments in SE and SW
-north is far From London and trade partners in Europe

Past-deindustrialisation in Northern cities

81
Q

Build transport infrastructure…

A

-HS2 railway (Uks biggest infrastructure project)-railway

-Heathrow airport ( UKS biggest airport) -airport

-M1 ( uk first motorway)- roads

-Liverpool 2 ( port)

82
Q

What is industry?

A

Industry - a group of businesses linked based on business activities

83
Q

What are the reasons for needing greater infrastructure ?

A

-population growth

-economic growth

-global trade

-changes industries

84
Q

What’s infrastructure ?

A

Built environment
Eg - roads , airports

85
Q

Where are ports mostly located ?
Example of port

A

On coasts

Eg - Liverpool , Southampton

86
Q

What is the port infrastructure project called?
Features of it ?

A

-Liverpool 2

-cost 400 million

-accommodates worlds largest vessels

-unload 2 300 metre vessels simultaneously

87
Q

Advantages of Liverpool 2 port project…

A

-region will be able to import / export a large number of goods more efficiently

-movement of goods quicker

-reduce north / south divide

-employment which leads to the multiplier effect

Geography (8 decks)

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