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Geography > Unit 2 B - The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

Unit 2 B - The Changing Economic World Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development ?

A

Progress of a country in terms of economic growth, use of tech and improving welfare

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2
Q

What’s the development gap?

A

Difference in development between countries

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3
Q

What’s the birth rate?

A

Number of births per 1000 of the population per year

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4
Q

What’s the death rate ?

A

Number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

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5
Q

5 measures of development …

A

-people per doctor

  • Literacy rate
  • life expectancy

-human development index

-infant mortality rate

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6
Q

Issues with development indicators?

A

Single measured give an average for a whole country, doesn’t show different levels of development

Date is out of date

Stats don’t consider informal economies

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7
Q

What’s the demographic transition model?

A

A model showing how populations change over time in terms of birth and death rates and population size

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8
Q

What happens as a country becomes more developed?

A

Total population rises up to a certain point.

Birth and death rate decrease

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9
Q

What’s emancipation?
How does it link to the demographic transition model?

A

Women in jobs

Women getting jobs lowers the birth rate

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10
Q

Why does the birth rate still remain high in stage 2 of the demographic transition model?

A

Lack of contraception

Women haven’t yet been emancipated

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11
Q

Strengths of the demographic transition model (DMT)

A

-Based on the uk.

-other countries like Japan and France followed similar patterns

-simple to use and understands changed over time

-NEES have followed a similar pattern but processed faster

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12
Q

Weaknesses of the demographic transition model (DMT)..

A
  • technology means death rates have fallen more rapidly than was observed in Europe
  • governments acted on the data
    Eg- china brung in one child policy
  • countries go back stages such as Zimbabwe slipped back to famine after development
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13
Q

3 causes of uneven development…

A

-Physical
-historical
-economic

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14
Q

2 historical causes of uneven development …

A

-Colonisation
-conflict

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15
Q

Why is colonisation (historical) a cause of uneven development .

A

-European countries colonised many countries in Africa and Asia.

-previously colonised country gains independence —->lower level of development

-colonisers removed raw materials, took and sold the products

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16
Q

How does conflict (historical factor) cause uneven development ?

A

-money spent on arms production and training soldiers instead of development

-people killed, damage done to property

-services like healthcare and education disrupted —> increases mortality rate, decreased literary rate

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17
Q

Physical causes of uneven development ?

A

Poor climate - prevent access to food causing malnutrition, less trade

Poor farming land - hard to produce food

Fewer raw materials - fewer products to export and make money, money needed for development

Lots of natural disasters - money spent on rebuilding stuff after natural disasters

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18
Q

Economic causes of uneven development ….

A

Poor trade links - struggle to make money from trade , less money to spend on development

Lots of debt - poor countries borrow money , have to pay back +interest

Trade of primary products - price of cocoa dropped below the cost of production in Ghana in 2018

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19
Q

3 consequences of uneven development ….

A

Health
Wealth
International migration

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20
Q

What’s GNI?

A

Total value of goods produced by a country

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21
Q

What’s the gini coefficient

A

A measured of internal disparities within a county

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22
Q

Where is healthcare better HIC OR LIC?
Life expectancy in CHAD VS UK?
Infant mortality in UK VS CHAD

A

-HIC
-Chad = 53 , UK =81
-UK = 3.7 deaths per 100 births
Chad= 73 deaths per 100 births

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23
Q

What has a higher gini coefficient , HIC or LIC?

A

LICs have a higher gini coefficient

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24
Q

In LICS and HICs what are the % of deaths people under 15?

A

LICs = 40% of deaths are people under 15
HICs = 1% of deaths among children under 15

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25
Q

Why do health disparities exist?
In 2021, how many people did diarrhoea kill in South Sudan

A

-countries lack money to spend on healthcare —>people die from preventable illnesses
-1.17 million

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26
Q

International migration as a cause of uneven development.
Where do LICs and NEEs go to escape conflict and improve quality of life.
How many people legally move to the us from Mexico every year ?

A

-HICs
130,000 people move from Mexico to the US every year legally

27
Q

Physical push factors of migrating ?
Physical pull factors of migration ?

A

-harsh climate , natural disasters , inaccessible
-scenic qualities , cheap land , temperature /hazard free zone

28
Q

7 ways to reduce the development gap ?

A

Investment
Fair trade
Micro finance loans
Using intermediate technology
Aid
Industrial development
Debt relief

29
Q

What’s foreign direct investment and how does it reduce the development gap ?
Example of this

A

-People / companies invest in property of infrastructure in another company
-this means they have better aces to finance technology
Eg:1987-2018 Vietnam received more than £182 billion

30
Q

What is aid and how is it used to reduce the development gap?
Example …
Disadvantage of aid ?

A

-money or reasources given to a country by charity

-money used for development projects

Eg:uk provided 180 mil to South Sudan

Disadvantage-wasted by corrupt governments

31
Q

What is fair trade and how does it reduce the development gap ?
Eg…
Disadvantage…

A

-farmers in LICs getting a fair price for their goods (coffee, bananas )
-increases income
Eg-in 2016 tea farmers in Malawi used their premium to expand a hospital
Disadvantage - only some of the extra money reaches producers

32
Q

What is using intermediate technology in reducing the development gap?
Example …

A

-simple tools and machines to improve the quality of life

-solar panelled light bulbs in Nepal allow people to work at night

33
Q

What are microfincnace loans and how do they help close the development gap ?
Disadvantage -

A

-Small loans given to people in LICs who can’t get loans from the bank

-helps them start a business and become financially independent

Disadvantage - causes debt

34
Q

What is debt relief and how does it help close the development gap ?
Example…

A

-Some or all of a countries debt is cleared.

-country has more to spend on development

Eg- Zambia had 4 billion of debt cleared in 2005

35
Q

What’s our example of increasing tourism through development ?

A

Kenya (In Africa)

36
Q

Advantages of increasing development in Kenya through tourism…

A

-600,000 people employed in Kenya tourism industry

-from 2000-2022 Kenya’s score on the human development index has increased by 0.15%

-24 national parks that charge entry fees for tourists

37
Q

Disadvantages of increasing development through tourism in Kenya …

A
  • tribes forced of land to create national parks for tourists

-tourist vehicles damadge environment

-only a small amount of money goes to locals, rest goes to HIC companies overseas

38
Q

NEE country case study for changing economic world ?

A

NIGERIA

39
Q

Where is Nigeria!

A

Nigeria is in the west of Africa and south from Sudan

40
Q

Global importance of Nigeria …

A

12 largest producer of oil in the world

-fifth largest contributor to UN peacekeeping around the world

-21st largest economy

41
Q

Importance of Nigeria in Africa …

A

-Highest gdp in Africa

-largest population in Africa (182 million )

-largest farming output in Africa (70% employed in this industry)

-19 million cattle

42
Q

Benefits of being employed in nigerias secondary (manufacturing) sector

A

-regular paid work gives people a secure income to improve their lives

-manufactures goods available for people to buy

-attracts foreign contrives to invest in Nigeria , creating more jobs

43
Q

2 Transnational corporations in Nigeria

A

Shell oil
Unilever

44
Q

(THis is about a advantages of a TNC)
What’s unilever
How many people does it employ
Why’s the company sustainable ?
What was it voted and when?

A

Unilever manufacture soap using Nigerian grown palm oil.

1500 people

Palm oil comes from sustainable sources to protect environment.
Company works with locals

Voted 2 nd best company to work for in Nigeria in 2014

45
Q

(Disadvantages in of a TNC)

A

-oil spills cause water pollution and damaged the land in Nigeria
-toxic fumes polluting air in Nigeria
-oil theft is costing the government billions in TNS countries

46
Q

Why does Nigeria receive international aid?

A

-they have limited acess to safe water

-60% of population live on less than 63p per day

-birth rates and infant mortality rates are high

-life expectancy low

47
Q

Negatives of aid being given to Nigeria …

A

-Corruption in government means aid doesn’t always get to the right people

-claims money is used to supply the navy

48
Q

Examples of Nigeria benefiting from aid…

A

-nets for life project educates people on malaria. Provides nets to households to prevent spread on disease

-world bank funded loans to businesses to help diversify them away from being reliant on oil

-UK government funded health and hiv programmes providing education in rural areas. (Protects people from infection)

49
Q

Issues with industrial growth in Nigeria ?

A

-Nigeria has 5000 industrial plants this has lead to…

-pollution of nearby land and rivers

-breathing and lung problems from fumes

50
Q

Issues with urban growth in Nigeria …

A

-squatter settlements

-traffic congestion —> high levels of pollution

-70-80% of forests destroyed through logging , agriculture and urban development

51
Q

Issues with mineral and oil extraction in Nigeria …

A

-Oil spills damadge freshwater leading to loss of marine life

-oil spills cause fires—> co2 released —> acid rain

52
Q

What are the 4 sectors and what do they mean

A

Primary - working with raw materials

Secondary - making stuff (manufacturing )

Tertiary- offering a service

Quaternary- often involves research

53
Q

What’s globalisation?

A

Growth and spread of ideas around the world. Things becoming more interconnected

54
Q

What’s happened to the number of people working in the primary sector from 1950-now

A

Decreased by 15%

55
Q

What’s happened to the number of people working in the tertiary and quaternary sector between 1950-now

A

Tertiary- increased by 30%
Quaternary- increased by 10%

56
Q

Why has the secondary sector (manufacturing ) decreased?

A

Factories moved overseas

57
Q

What’s de-industrialisation

A

Reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy

58
Q

What are the causes of de-industrialisation?

A

-Newly emerging economies like china opened their countries to global business in the 1980s —-> UK firms moved there —> cheaper —-> more profit

-industries like coal have shut down, instead goods are imported into the UK from abroad where labour and land is cheaper.

-strict environmental laws about producing goods

59
Q

Benefits of globalisation for the UK…

A

-UK economy grows as there more trade with the rest of the world

-migration, migrants come to the uk to fill jobs, we have a shortage of skilled workers

-cheaper goods and services, items are cheaper as they’re produced in LICS and NEE’s

-foreign investments

60
Q

Negatives of globalisation for the UK…

A

-Less manufacturing , fewer goods produced in UK—> factories close —> jobs lost

-outsourcing jobs, jobs that used to be done in the UK can now be done anywhere

61
Q

What % of the uk workforce do tertiary and quaternary occupy?

A

83%

62
Q

4 important industries in tertiary or quaternary ?

A

Service
Finance
Information technology
Research

63
Q

Why do companies do research in the UK?

A

people in UK well educated

-High skilled labour force

-great reputation

-good facilities

Geography (8 decks)

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