Unit 2 A -Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards
What’s an urban area?
A built up area where people live
Eg: a town or a city
What’s urbanisation ?
A rise in the proportion of people living in an urban area
What proportion of the world lives in urban areas ?
55%
Push factors of urban-rural migration…
- few job opportunities in rural areas.
-Natural disasters
-mechanised agricultural equipment needs fewer workers so there are less jobs
-
Pull factors of rural-urban migration…
-More jobs in urban areas, often better paid
-there’s better acess to healthcare and educational opportunities
-other family members may have moved to an urban area
-better quality of life. Electricity and water.
What are high rates of urbanisation leading to?
Example
Growth of mega cities
Mumbai, India (10 million residents)
Causes of urbanisation ?
Push factors away from country side
Pull factors to cities
Natural increase
What’s natural increase?
Birth rate exceeding death rate
Where are most megacities located?
Asia
LICs and NEEs
What’s the biggest city in Africa?
What country is it in?
What’s its population?
-Lagos
-Lagos is in Nigeria
-estimated population of 14 million
Importance of lagos…
Regionally
Nationally
Internationally
-regionally, it’s an important centre for regional trade
-nationally,its home to 80% of nigerias industry as well as many global companies
Internationally- main financial centre for the whole of west Africa
Factors that have lead to Lagos growing rapidly …
-British colonised it and make it the centre of trade
-many ex slaves returned back to Lagos when slavery was abolished
-government finances construction projects
-
How many migrants are estimated to enter Lagos very day?
1200
Social opportunities in Lagos…
What % of children in Lagos go to school?
What % of the countries electricity supply does Lagos use?
-more hospitals, healthcare centres and medicines in Lagos.
-schools. In rural areas only 60% of children go to school however in Lagos (urbanised ) 90% of children attend schools.
-electricity. Lagos uses about 40% of the countries electricity suppply
Examples Economic opportunities in Lagos…
-Construction jobs building the new commercial centre Eko Atlantic
-Lagos port, very accessible and is thriving. Attracts investments that fuel the economy
-film and music industry - nollywood films are very popular.
What 5 problems has Lagos rapid growth lead to? Reasons for the problems? 1 fact about each?
-Slums and squatter settlements eg:makoko
Increasing house prices are becoming too costly for many people.
66%of people live informal settlements
-access to clean water sanitation and energy
Only 40% of people have acess to clean water.
Up to 15 households can share a toilet!
-access to healthcare and education
Not everyone car afford this.
There is only one primary school in the makako slum
-unemployment and crime
There aren’t enough formal jobs for the population.
60% of people work informal jobs
-environmental issues
Waste disposal from factories is not controlled
(9000tones of waste produced per day)
Urban planning scheme to improve quality of life in Lagos…
Why was it built?
Social, economic, environmental Benefits of it
-2013 a floating school prototype was built for some of the poorest children to get an education
Social benefits- up to100 students educated for free
Economic benefits - education improved local children’s job prospects. Jobs for teachers
Environmental benefits- school was built by locally sourced materials . Ran on solar power
What is the fertility rate per woman in Lagos?
5.65 on average
What % of people in Lagos have access to a reliable piped water supply ?
10%
How do the other 90% of people in Lagos get water?
Buying from street vendors
Do rural areas have limited access to lighting and power?
Rural areas have limited access to lighting and power
What% of Lagos has access to mains electricity
What % of Nigeria has access to mains electricity
99.3% however in Nigeria as a whole it’s only 54%!
What % of Nigeria’s gdp is found in Lagos
21%
What is the informal economy ?
Unregulated work. No tax paid or protection.
What % of Lagos work in the informal economy?
40%
A lot of these are vendors
An informal economic opportunity in Lagos …
How much rubbish is dumped there every day?
How much do residents sort through daily
Olusosun landfil.
10,000 tonnes of rubbish dumped there every day. Residents sort through 3000 tonnes daily
How many immigrants are estimated to enter Lagos every day?
1200
How many immigrants are estimated to enter Lagos every day?
1200
What’s the name of a slum located in lagos ?
Makoko
What’s an issue with using street vendors?
Not checked
Could be polluted
Spread disease
How is the makoko floating school adaptive?
Rising sea levels can’t flood it
How is the makoko floating school good for the environment ?
-built from low cost wood and recycled plastic bottles
-solar panels
-sloped roof to collect water
-compost toilet
What are the government trying to do to the makoko slum?
Demolish it, they provide no water or electricity
Social benefits of urban planning schemes such as the makoko floating school?
-up to 100 children can be educated for free
-school was used for local community meetings and plannings
Economic benefits of urban planning schemes such as the makoko floating school?
- education improved local children’s job prospects
-school provided jobs for teachers
-the schools success encouraged the government to to launch its makoko regeneration programme
Environmental benefits of urban planning schemes such as rbe makoko floating school?
School built using naturally sourced materials
Combats rising sea levels
Sustainable
Why are most urban areas are developed in lowland areas ?
Because they are easier to build on and the climate is milder
Why are upland areas such as the north of Scotland sparsely populated?
Because they are difficult to farm and have few natural resources.
Why are upland areas such as the north of Scotland sparsely populated?
Because they are difficult to farm and have few natural resources.
Why are many coastal cities urbanised?
Because of key ports such as Liverpool and Cardiff. They grow them into cities
How many people live in London and what % is that of the UK total population.
9 million people live in London. This is 16% of the UK population.
What % of nigerias electricity does Lagos use?
40%
What % of nigerias electricity does Lagos use?
40%
What % of children attend school in rural areas of Nigeria compared to Lagos?
Rural -60%
Lagos - 90%
What causes a cities population to change?
-migration
-natural increase
-change of industry
-industrial decline
What is our uk city case study?
Birmingham
Where is Birmingham located?
Located in central England. North west of london
Importance of Birmingham to the Uk
.. largest city in the uk
Population?
-2nd largest UK city
-population is 1,144,00
-central with great transport/ trade lines
-alternate hub for bussines.
Wider importance of Birmingham?
-home to Europe’s largest public library
-top restaurants with global excellence
-home to international conference centre
-major industrial and manufacturing hub
-home to universities
What’s migration? What’s immigration?
Migration- movement of people from one place to another
Immigration - movement into another country
Positives of immigration to Birmingham?
Social?
Economic?
-Jobs
-cultural diversity
-diversity inclusion
-boosts the local economy /jobs
Negatives of immigration to Birmingham?
Example of riots in Birmingham?
-over population
-tension which may lead to racism for example the 2005 race riots.
-crime
An area in Birmingham famous for curries?
Balti triangle
Impacts of migration on the services in brum?
City requires various services such as health education and employment.
Impacts of migration on deprivation ?
The inner parts of the city where the immigrants live are the most deprived areas
Why are immigrants gravitating towards eastern areas of brum
-close to city centre
-terraced houses and apartment blocks are affordable
-community centres built to meet the needs of the community
Why has digbeth seen an increase in immigrants ?
Because of lower house prices.
What has Aston uni lead to?
Aston has lead to studentification.
What % of sparkbrooke is of African or Asian ethnicity ?
78%
What does cultural mixing lead to?
New shops, restaurants ,ect
What is one of the uks most busy shopping centres ?
Bull ring
How many visits does brum centre attract every year ?
35.6 million
What is studentification?
When lots of people migrate for educational purposes
A place in brum with high migration?
Sparkhill
A commercial centre in brum with offices, restaurants and pubs ?
Brindley place
Number of shops in the bullring?
140
What’s the result of economic investment to a place where jobs are created and so on?
The multiplier effect.
The improved transport system in brum?
Intergrated transport system
Multiplier effect..
Jobs-more money to spend and tax -reinvest in local erea- further improvements
Social opportunities in a uk city?
Place good for curry and food in brum ?
How many unis does the city have and how many people does this educate?
-Brum is ethically and culturally diverse, different religions and food. Balti kitchen
-brum has 5 universities which educate her 80,000 students
Economic opportunities in brum?
How many shops does the bullring have
What’s at brindley place ?
-Bullring shopping centre which has 140 shops generating employment and revenue for economy
-brindley place is a city centre development which includes bars retail and offices which generate income
When did the midland metro open and what does it allow people to do?
How many journeys were made in 2011 -2012 and what does this help do?
-1999
-allows people to head into city centre without driving
5 million journeys and this helps reduce c02 emissions
How many passengers does new street deal with daily?
300,000
What is urban greening?
Urban greening is the process of increasing and preserving green open space like public parks
3 urban greening strategies?
-green roofs where plants are planted
-demolish unused buildings and turn it into a open space or park
- create ‘green walls’
Benefits of urban greening ?
-mental health benefits
- tress clean air and reduce impacts of global warming
-vegetated areas reduce floor risk
What’s our urban greening case study in brum?
How much did it cost ?
How many trees are there ?
When did it open?
How many jet fountains are there and how long is the canal?
East side city park
Cost 12 million
310 trees
Opened 2013
21 jet fountains and 110 metre canal
What deprivation?
Deprivation is the degree to which an individual or area is not able to access services, housing and employment
Challenges that decline presents…
What does people being unemployed mean for shops
-People are made unemployed which leads to them having less money to spend and local shops get less income.
-industrial buildings sit empty which leads to waste land
-
Most deprived area in Brum?
Sparkbrooke
2 different parts of brum differnt in deprivation
Sparkbrooke
Edgbaston
What % of brum residents under 25 will purchase a home within the next 20 years ?
40%
Qualifications rate in Sparkbrooke vs Edgbaston?
Sparkbrook- 8
Edgbaston -68
Qualifications rate in Sparkbrooke vs Edgbaston?
Sparkbrook- 8
Edgbaston -68
What % of sparkbrook is ethnic minority?
What does this suggest?
Over 70% of sparkbrook is ethnic minority
There are graphs that suggest employment deprivation rate links to ethnic minorities
Life expectancy in sparkbrook vs edgbaston?
Sparkbrook- 79
Edgbaston- 83
What is dereliction?
Derelict places in brum?
Abandoned buildings and wasteland
Selly oak library
Derelict rover factory
Social problems with dereliction?
People can’t get houses there, leading to increasing house prices
Economical problem with dereliction!
Businesses that used to be there shut down, leading to unemployment
Economical problem with dereliction!
Businesses that used to be there shut down, leading to unemployment
Environmental problems with dereliction ?
Maybe some leak inn the building if not properly looked after, leads to damadged in surrounding habitat
2 ways of increasing the amount of houses in brum? And what they mean
Greenfield - plot of land never built on before
Brownfield - land used before and abandoned
What’s urban sprawl?
Unplanned growth of urban areas into rural areas
What’s a green belt ?
Area of land protected from development
What’s the urban rural fringe?
Example of one
Where city meets countryside
Barnt green
How many houses does brum need by 2040?
128,000
2 Pros and cons of greenfield sites? In brum
Categories into social, economical and environmental
Pros
1)Sites are often cheaper to build on - economic
2)would provide housing as 128,000 More homes are needed by 2040 - social, economic
Cons
1)often encourages urban sprawl - environmental
2)local residents are wary of traffic noise and low air quality. - social, environmental
2 Pros and cons of brownfield sites.
Categories these into social, economic and environmental..
Pros
The site has already been developed so reduces urban sprawl - environmental
Uses unsightly or derelict areas for building so improves urban environment. - social
Cons
More expensive to build on as land needs to be cleared first -economic
More available in old industrial parts of Birmingham such as Rolls Royce factory in Halls green - social
W
What’s the Birmingham redevelopment project?
Birmingham new street station redevelopment + grand central shopping centre.
What factors made the new street regeneration project sustainable ?
-rainwater collected on the roof is used to flush toilets.
-roof tiles made out of recycled fishing nets
-windows In the roof to allow light to come through and improve mental health
How much did the new street regeneration project cost?
150 million
Economical opportunities of the new street station?
-Brings jobs
-People have money to spend at the shops
-Shops have a variety of things to buy
Environmental opportunities of the new street station ..
-low energy led lighting
-efficienct water spray taps to conserve water
-rainwater harvesting which provides 60% of toilet flushing demand
-natural ventilation where possuble
A social opportunity of new street renovation brum?
-Provides jobs for people and
-way to travel into the centre efficiently
What is sustainability?
Meeting the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet there own needs
Three pillars of sustainability ?
Social
Ecomomical
Environmental
What’s urban ecological footprint?
The amount of land needed to sustain the cities population and absorb its waste
3 key areas of sustainable living…
-waste recycling
-green space creation
-water and energy conservation
3 strategies of waste recycling within a householdm
Benefit economical / social / environmental
-Coloured bins, environmental
-household sorting, economical as it reduces waste
-vinted and Depop, economic and socialm
3 Strategies of water conservation within a household…
Social/ environmental/ economical
-rainwater collected on roofs, economical and environmental
-permeable pavements to let water through to the soil, social environmental
-low water demand appliances , economic
2 strategies of Energy conservation within the household…
Social/ environmental/ economic
-Use of renewable energy , social and environmental
-solar panels, environmental and social and economical
Brazil case study of a sustainable city?
Where is it?
Curitiba is located in south eastern Brazil
What % of residents like living in Curitiba?
99%
How many city blocks of pedestrian areas did they put in?
15 city blocks of pedestrian areas
How big is a park in Curitiba ?
What does it do?
The park is 1.4 million square meters.
Encloses a river and houses fish, birds and sheep
How did jamie learner help waste management in the slums ? What does he call this ?
5 kilos of rubbish = …..
Jamie learner got people in the slums to clean their own mess in turn for food. He calls this co-responsibility
5 kilos of rubbish = 5 kilos of food
How does education and industry make Curitiba sustainable?
Industry -They’re given low interest mortgages and often work on building sites of their own homes.
Education - children given an education so they have skills to work.
What’s the system of buses called I’m Curitiba?
Bus rapid transit system (brt)
What does the bus rapid transit system in Curitiba help do?
How often to the busses come?
How many passengers does the bus rapid transit system transport daily?
-Eases congestion on the road. Less pollution and creation of fossil fuels.
-busses come every 60 seconds
-700,000 passengers per day
What % lower per capita are carbon emissions in Curitiba than the average Brazilian city
Carbon emissions are 25% lower per capita in Curitiba than the average Brazilian city.
What % lower per capita are carbon emissions in Curitiba ?
Carbon emissions are 25% lower per capita in Curitiba than the average Brazilian city.
How does urbanisation vary around the world ?
- Rates of urbanisation are UNEQUAL around the world - Rates are highest in LICs (with high levels of rural-urban migra- tion and high natural increase) - Rates are lowest in HICs
