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Geography > Unit 2 A -Urban Issues And Challenges > Flashcards

Unit 2 A -Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s an urban area?

A

A built up area where people live
Eg: a town or a city

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2
Q

What’s urbanisation ?

A

A rise in the proportion of people living in an urban area

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3
Q

What proportion of the world lives in urban areas ?

A

55%

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4
Q

Push factors of urban-rural migration…

A
  • few job opportunities in rural areas.

-Natural disasters

-mechanised agricultural equipment needs fewer workers so there are less jobs

-

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5
Q

Pull factors of rural-urban migration…

A

-More jobs in urban areas, often better paid

-there’s better acess to healthcare and educational opportunities

-other family members may have moved to an urban area

-better quality of life. Electricity and water.

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6
Q

What are high rates of urbanisation leading to?
Example

A

Growth of mega cities
Mumbai, India (10 million residents)

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7
Q

Causes of urbanisation ?

A

Push factors away from country side
Pull factors to cities
Natural increase

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8
Q

What’s natural increase?

A

Birth rate exceeding death rate

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9
Q

Where are most megacities located?

A

Asia
LICs and NEEs

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10
Q

What’s the biggest city in Africa?
What country is it in?
What’s its population?

A

-Lagos
-Lagos is in Nigeria
-estimated population of 14 million

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11
Q

Importance of lagos…
Regionally
Nationally
Internationally

A

-regionally, it’s an important centre for regional trade

-nationally,its home to 80% of nigerias industry as well as many global companies

Internationally- main financial centre for the whole of west Africa

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12
Q

Factors that have lead to Lagos growing rapidly …

A

-British colonised it and make it the centre of trade

-many ex slaves returned back to Lagos when slavery was abolished

-government finances construction projects

-

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13
Q

How many migrants are estimated to enter Lagos very day?

A

1200

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14
Q

Social opportunities in Lagos…
What % of children in Lagos go to school?
What % of the countries electricity supply does Lagos use?

A

-more hospitals, healthcare centres and medicines in Lagos.

-schools. In rural areas only 60% of children go to school however in Lagos (urbanised ) 90% of children attend schools.

-electricity. Lagos uses about 40% of the countries electricity suppply

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15
Q

Examples Economic opportunities in Lagos…

A

-Construction jobs building the new commercial centre Eko Atlantic

-Lagos port, very accessible and is thriving. Attracts investments that fuel the economy

-film and music industry - nollywood films are very popular.

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16
Q

What 5 problems has Lagos rapid growth lead to? Reasons for the problems? 1 fact about each?

A

-Slums and squatter settlements eg:makoko
Increasing house prices are becoming too costly for many people.
66%of people live informal settlements

-access to clean water sanitation and energy
Only 40% of people have acess to clean water.
Up to 15 households can share a toilet!

-access to healthcare and education
Not everyone car afford this.
There is only one primary school in the makako slum

-unemployment and crime
There aren’t enough formal jobs for the population.
60% of people work informal jobs

-environmental issues
Waste disposal from factories is not controlled
(9000tones of waste produced per day)

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17
Q

Urban planning scheme to improve quality of life in Lagos…
Why was it built?
Social, economic, environmental Benefits of it

A

-2013 a floating school prototype was built for some of the poorest children to get an education

Social benefits- up to100 students educated for free

Economic benefits - education improved local children’s job prospects. Jobs for teachers

Environmental benefits- school was built by locally sourced materials . Ran on solar power

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18
Q

What is the fertility rate per woman in Lagos?

A

5.65 on average

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19
Q

What % of people in Lagos have access to a reliable piped water supply ?

A

10%

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20
Q

How do the other 90% of people in Lagos get water?

A

Buying from street vendors

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21
Q

Do rural areas have limited access to lighting and power?

A

Rural areas have limited access to lighting and power

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22
Q

What% of Lagos has access to mains electricity
What % of Nigeria has access to mains electricity

A

99.3% however in Nigeria as a whole it’s only 54%!

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23
Q

What % of Nigeria’s gdp is found in Lagos

A

21%

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24
Q

What is the informal economy ?

A

Unregulated work. No tax paid or protection.

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25
Q

What % of Lagos work in the informal economy?

A

40%
A lot of these are vendors

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26
Q

An informal economic opportunity in Lagos …
How much rubbish is dumped there every day?

How much do residents sort through daily

A

Olusosun landfil.
10,000 tonnes of rubbish dumped there every day. Residents sort through 3000 tonnes daily

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27
Q

How many immigrants are estimated to enter Lagos every day?

A

1200

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28
Q

How many immigrants are estimated to enter Lagos every day?

A

1200

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29
Q

What’s the name of a slum located in lagos ?

A

Makoko

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30
Q

What’s an issue with using street vendors?

A

Not checked
Could be polluted
Spread disease

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31
Q

How is the makoko floating school adaptive?

A

Rising sea levels can’t flood it

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32
Q

How is the makoko floating school good for the environment ?

A

-built from low cost wood and recycled plastic bottles
-solar panels
-sloped roof to collect water
-compost toilet

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33
Q

What are the government trying to do to the makoko slum?

A

Demolish it, they provide no water or electricity

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34
Q

Social benefits of urban planning schemes such as the makoko floating school?

A

-up to 100 children can be educated for free

-school was used for local community meetings and plannings

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35
Q

Economic benefits of urban planning schemes such as the makoko floating school?

A
  • education improved local children’s job prospects

-school provided jobs for teachers

-the schools success encouraged the government to to launch its makoko regeneration programme

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36
Q

Environmental benefits of urban planning schemes such as rbe makoko floating school?

A

School built using naturally sourced materials

Combats rising sea levels

Sustainable

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37
Q

Why are most urban areas are developed in lowland areas ?

A

Because they are easier to build on and the climate is milder

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38
Q

Why are upland areas such as the north of Scotland sparsely populated?

A

Because they are difficult to farm and have few natural resources.

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39
Q

Why are upland areas such as the north of Scotland sparsely populated?

A

Because they are difficult to farm and have few natural resources.

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40
Q

Why are many coastal cities urbanised?

A

Because of key ports such as Liverpool and Cardiff. They grow them into cities

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41
Q

How many people live in London and what % is that of the UK total population.

A

9 million people live in London. This is 16% of the UK population.

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42
Q

What % of nigerias electricity does Lagos use?

A

40%

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43
Q

What % of nigerias electricity does Lagos use?

A

40%

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44
Q

What % of children attend school in rural areas of Nigeria compared to Lagos?

A

Rural -60%
Lagos - 90%

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45
Q

What causes a cities population to change?

A

-migration

-natural increase

-change of industry

-industrial decline

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46
Q

What is our uk city case study?

A

Birmingham

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47
Q

Where is Birmingham located?

A

Located in central England. North west of london

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48
Q

Importance of Birmingham to the Uk
.. largest city in the uk
Population?

A

-2nd largest UK city

-population is 1,144,00

-central with great transport/ trade lines

-alternate hub for bussines.

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49
Q

Wider importance of Birmingham?

A

-home to Europe’s largest public library

-top restaurants with global excellence

-home to international conference centre

-major industrial and manufacturing hub

-home to universities

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50
Q

What’s migration? What’s immigration?

A

Migration- movement of people from one place to another

Immigration - movement into another country

51
Q

Positives of immigration to Birmingham?
Social?
Economic?

A

-Jobs

-cultural diversity

-diversity inclusion

-boosts the local economy /jobs

52
Q

Negatives of immigration to Birmingham?
Example of riots in Birmingham?

A

-over population

-tension which may lead to racism for example the 2005 race riots.

-crime

53
Q

An area in Birmingham famous for curries?

A

Balti triangle

54
Q

Impacts of migration on the services in brum?

A

City requires various services such as health education and employment.

55
Q

Impacts of migration on deprivation ?

A

The inner parts of the city where the immigrants live are the most deprived areas

56
Q

Why are immigrants gravitating towards eastern areas of brum

A

-close to city centre

-terraced houses and apartment blocks are affordable

-community centres built to meet the needs of the community

57
Q

Why has digbeth seen an increase in immigrants ?

A

Because of lower house prices.

58
Q

What has Aston uni lead to?

A

Aston has lead to studentification.

59
Q

What % of sparkbrooke is of African or Asian ethnicity ?

A

78%

60
Q

What does cultural mixing lead to?

A

New shops, restaurants ,ect

61
Q

What is one of the uks most busy shopping centres ?

A

Bull ring

62
Q

How many visits does brum centre attract every year ?

A

35.6 million

63
Q

What is studentification?

A

When lots of people migrate for educational purposes

64
Q

A place in brum with high migration?

A

Sparkhill

65
Q

A commercial centre in brum with offices, restaurants and pubs ?

A

Brindley place

66
Q

Number of shops in the bullring?

A

140

67
Q

What’s the result of economic investment to a place where jobs are created and so on?

A

The multiplier effect.

68
Q

The improved transport system in brum?

A

Intergrated transport system

69
Q

Multiplier effect..

A

Jobs-more money to spend and tax -reinvest in local erea- further improvements

70
Q

Social opportunities in a uk city?
Place good for curry and food in brum ?
How many unis does the city have and how many people does this educate?

A

-Brum is ethically and culturally diverse, different religions and food. Balti kitchen

-brum has 5 universities which educate her 80,000 students

71
Q

Economic opportunities in brum?
How many shops does the bullring have
What’s at brindley place ?

A

-Bullring shopping centre which has 140 shops generating employment and revenue for economy

-brindley place is a city centre development which includes bars retail and offices which generate income

72
Q

When did the midland metro open and what does it allow people to do?
How many journeys were made in 2011 -2012 and what does this help do?

A

-1999
-allows people to head into city centre without driving

5 million journeys and this helps reduce c02 emissions

73
Q

How many passengers does new street deal with daily?

A

300,000

74
Q

What is urban greening?

A

Urban greening is the process of increasing and preserving green open space like public parks

75
Q

3 urban greening strategies?

A

-green roofs where plants are planted

-demolish unused buildings and turn it into a open space or park

  • create ‘green walls’
76
Q

Benefits of urban greening ?

A

-mental health benefits

  • tress clean air and reduce impacts of global warming

-vegetated areas reduce floor risk

77
Q

What’s our urban greening case study in brum?
How much did it cost ?
How many trees are there ?
When did it open?
How many jet fountains are there and how long is the canal?

A

East side city park
Cost 12 million
310 trees
Opened 2013
21 jet fountains and 110 metre canal

78
Q

What deprivation?

A

Deprivation is the degree to which an individual or area is not able to access services, housing and employment

79
Q

Challenges that decline presents…
What does people being unemployed mean for shops

A

-People are made unemployed which leads to them having less money to spend and local shops get less income.

-industrial buildings sit empty which leads to waste land

-

80
Q

Most deprived area in Brum?

A

Sparkbrooke

81
Q

2 different parts of brum differnt in deprivation

A

Sparkbrooke
Edgbaston

82
Q

What % of brum residents under 25 will purchase a home within the next 20 years ?

A

40%

83
Q

Qualifications rate in Sparkbrooke vs Edgbaston?

A

Sparkbrook- 8
Edgbaston -68

84
Q

Qualifications rate in Sparkbrooke vs Edgbaston?

A

Sparkbrook- 8
Edgbaston -68

85
Q

What % of sparkbrook is ethnic minority?
What does this suggest?

A

Over 70% of sparkbrook is ethnic minority
There are graphs that suggest employment deprivation rate links to ethnic minorities

86
Q

Life expectancy in sparkbrook vs edgbaston?

A

Sparkbrook- 79
Edgbaston- 83

87
Q

What is dereliction?
Derelict places in brum?

A

Abandoned buildings and wasteland

Selly oak library

Derelict rover factory

88
Q

Social problems with dereliction?

A

People can’t get houses there, leading to increasing house prices

89
Q

Economical problem with dereliction!

A

Businesses that used to be there shut down, leading to unemployment

90
Q

Economical problem with dereliction!

A

Businesses that used to be there shut down, leading to unemployment

91
Q

Environmental problems with dereliction ?

A

Maybe some leak inn the building if not properly looked after, leads to damadged in surrounding habitat

92
Q

2 ways of increasing the amount of houses in brum? And what they mean

A

Greenfield - plot of land never built on before

Brownfield - land used before and abandoned

93
Q

What’s urban sprawl?

A

Unplanned growth of urban areas into rural areas

94
Q

What’s a green belt ?

A

Area of land protected from development

95
Q

What’s the urban rural fringe?
Example of one

A

Where city meets countryside
Barnt green

96
Q

How many houses does brum need by 2040?

A

128,000

97
Q

2 Pros and cons of greenfield sites? In brum
Categories into social, economical and environmental

A

Pros
1)Sites are often cheaper to build on - economic
2)would provide housing as 128,000 More homes are needed by 2040 - social, economic

Cons
1)often encourages urban sprawl - environmental
2)local residents are wary of traffic noise and low air quality. - social, environmental

98
Q

2 Pros and cons of brownfield sites.
Categories these into social, economic and environmental..

A

Pros
The site has already been developed so reduces urban sprawl - environmental
Uses unsightly or derelict areas for building so improves urban environment. - social

Cons
More expensive to build on as land needs to be cleared first -economic
More available in old industrial parts of Birmingham such as Rolls Royce factory in Halls green - social

99
Q

W

A
100
Q

What’s the Birmingham redevelopment project?

A

Birmingham new street station redevelopment + grand central shopping centre.

101
Q

What factors made the new street regeneration project sustainable ?

A

-rainwater collected on the roof is used to flush toilets.

-roof tiles made out of recycled fishing nets

-windows In the roof to allow light to come through and improve mental health

102
Q

How much did the new street regeneration project cost?

A

150 million

103
Q

Economical opportunities of the new street station?

A

-Brings jobs
-People have money to spend at the shops
-Shops have a variety of things to buy

104
Q

Environmental opportunities of the new street station ..

A

-low energy led lighting

-efficienct water spray taps to conserve water

-rainwater harvesting which provides 60% of toilet flushing demand

-natural ventilation where possuble

105
Q

A social opportunity of new street renovation brum?

A

-Provides jobs for people and
-way to travel into the centre efficiently

106
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Meeting the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet there own needs

107
Q

Three pillars of sustainability ?

A

Social

Ecomomical

Environmental

108
Q

What’s urban ecological footprint?

A

The amount of land needed to sustain the cities population and absorb its waste

109
Q

3 key areas of sustainable living…

A

-waste recycling

-green space creation

-water and energy conservation

110
Q

3 strategies of waste recycling within a householdm

Benefit economical / social / environmental

A

-Coloured bins, environmental

-household sorting, economical as it reduces waste

-vinted and Depop, economic and socialm

111
Q

3 Strategies of water conservation within a household…
Social/ environmental/ economical

A

-rainwater collected on roofs, economical and environmental

-permeable pavements to let water through to the soil, social environmental

-low water demand appliances , economic

112
Q

2 strategies of Energy conservation within the household…
Social/ environmental/ economic

A

-Use of renewable energy , social and environmental

-solar panels, environmental and social and economical

113
Q

Brazil case study of a sustainable city?
Where is it?

A

Curitiba is located in south eastern Brazil

114
Q

What % of residents like living in Curitiba?

A

99%

115
Q

How many city blocks of pedestrian areas did they put in?

A

15 city blocks of pedestrian areas

116
Q

How big is a park in Curitiba ?
What does it do?

A

The park is 1.4 million square meters.
Encloses a river and houses fish, birds and sheep

117
Q

How did jamie learner help waste management in the slums ? What does he call this ?
5 kilos of rubbish = …..

A

Jamie learner got people in the slums to clean their own mess in turn for food. He calls this co-responsibility
5 kilos of rubbish = 5 kilos of food

118
Q

How does education and industry make Curitiba sustainable?

A

Industry -They’re given low interest mortgages and often work on building sites of their own homes.

Education - children given an education so they have skills to work.

119
Q

What’s the system of buses called I’m Curitiba?

A

Bus rapid transit system (brt)

120
Q

What does the bus rapid transit system in Curitiba help do?
How often to the busses come?
How many passengers does the bus rapid transit system transport daily?

A

-Eases congestion on the road. Less pollution and creation of fossil fuels.

-busses come every 60 seconds

-700,000 passengers per day

121
Q

What % lower per capita are carbon emissions in Curitiba than the average Brazilian city

A

Carbon emissions are 25% lower per capita in Curitiba than the average Brazilian city.

122
Q

What % lower per capita are carbon emissions in Curitiba ?

A

Carbon emissions are 25% lower per capita in Curitiba than the average Brazilian city.

123
Q

How does urbanisation vary around the world ?

A
  • Rates of urbanisation are UNEQUAL around the world - Rates are highest in LICs (with high levels of rural-urban migra- tion and high natural increase) - Rates are lowest in HICs

Geography (8 decks)

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