Unit 2 AOS 1 SAC

Question 1

Social cognition

Answer 1

how we interpret, analyse, remember and use information to make judgements about others in different social situations.

Question 2

Person perception

Answer 2

mental processes used to form impressions and draw conclusions, which guide how we form relationships with people

Question 3

Cognitive biases definition

Answer 3

a systematic error in thinking, generally due to oversimplifying information available

Question 4

cognitive bias example

Answer 4

confirmation bias, actor observer bias, self serving bias, false consensus bias, halo effect, fundamental attribution error

Question 5

confirmation bias

Answer 5

searching for and accepting information that supports beliefs and ignore contradictory information.

Question 6

actor observer bias

Answer 6

attribute your behaviour to situational factors but others to personal factors

Question 7

self serving bias

Answer 7

taking credit for success and attribute failures to situational factors

Question 8

false consensus bias

Answer 8

overestimating how much others agree and share the same ideas as you.

Question 9

halo effect

Answer 9

focussing on one positive trait and looking past more negative traits

Question 10

attribution

Answer 10

the process that people use to explain their own and other’s behaviour. Personal and situational factors

Question 11

personal attribution

Answer 11

INTERNAL factors. a person’s personality, ability, attitude and motivation, mood or effort

Question 12

situational factors

Answer 12

EXTERNAL factors. actions, environment, task, luck, fate.

Question 13

fundamental attribution error

Answer 13

overestimating the affect of personal factors and underestimating the affect of situational factors

Question 14

attitudes

Answer 14

the judgement a person makes about other people, objects or experiences. can be positive, negative or neutral

Question 15

tri component model

Answer 15

has affective, behavioural and cognitive components. All have to be present to form an attitude.

Question 16

affective component

Answer 16

the emotions a person has towards something

Question 17

behavioural component

Answer 17

the way our attitude is expressed through our actions

Question 18

cognitive component

Answer 18

the belief a person has about something. linked to what the person already knows and is a result of experience

Question 19

cognitive dissonance

Answer 19

when one of the 3 components of the model dont align with the other 2 (typically behavioural) and we experience an unpleasant feeling.

Question 20

heuristics

Answer 20

mental shortcuts that help us to make quick decisions on limited information to reduce cognitive load

Question 21

heuristic types

Answer 21

availability, representativeness, affect, anchoring

Question 22

availability heuristic

Answer 22

based on information that is easily accessible

Question 23

anchoring heuristic

Answer 23

based on the first information recieved

Question 24

representative heuristic

Answer 24

the probablility of an event occuring by comparing it to typical examples

Question 25

affect heuristic

Answer 25

based on a person's emotional state

Question 26

positives of heuristics

Answer 26

positive: saves time, adaptive and protective, reduces cognitive load

Question 27

negatives of heuristics

Answer 27

negative: prone to error and bias, leads to base rate fallacy, when decisions are more influenced by memories and experience rather than facts

Question 28

stereotype

Answer 28

a collection of beliefs about people who belong to a certain group, regardless of their individual differences - COGNITIVE

Question 29

predjudice

Answer 29

holding a negative attitude toward a member of a group because they belong to that group - AFFECTIVE

Question 30

discrimination

Answer 30

unjust treatment of people because what group they belong in - BEHAVIOURAL

Question 31

factors contributing to predjudice

Answer 31

in groups and out groups, inter group conflict,

Question 32

ingroups and outgroups

Answer 32

viewing people in our ingroup as like us so see the outgroup different so more likely more negatively

Question 33

intergroup conflict

Answer 33

when 2 groups are competing for the same resources

Question 34

methods to reduce prejudice

Answer 34

sustained contact, mutual interdependence, equality of status, superordinate goals

Question 35

sustained contact

Answer 35

prolonged and cooperative interaction

Question 36

mutual interdependence

Answer 36

when 2 groups must depend of each other to reach a goal

Question 37

equality of status

Answer 37

being on the same level as each other

Question 38

superordinate goals

Answer 38

goals shared between groups that cannot be achieved alone

Question 39

group

Answer 39

any collection of 2 or more people who interact with and influence one another and share a common purpose

Question 40

status

Answer 40

the level of importance that group members percieve regarding another group member's position

Question 41

power

Answer 41

an individual/group's ability to strongly influence or control the throughts, feelings and behaviour of another person

Question 42

types of power

Answer 42

reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, expert, informational

Question 43

reward power

Answer 43

the ability to reward someone for doing the right behaviour

Question 44

coercive power

Answer 44

the ability to punish someone for doing the wrong behaviour

Question 45

legitimate power

Answer 45

appointed or elected leadership role or formal power

Question 46

referent power

Answer 46

role model, want to be like them

Question 47

expert power

Answer 47

knowledge or expertise in a specific field

Question 48

informational power

Answer 48

information others want that isn't available elsewhere

Question 49

obedience

Answer 49

the act of people changing their behaviour in response to direct commands from an authority figure

Question 50

factors that effect obedience

Answer 50

proximity, status of authority figure, group pressure

Question 51

proximity

Answer 51

how physically close one or more people are to each other

Question 52

status of authority figure

Answer 52

an authority figure who has a higher position or status in a social hierarchy

Question 53

group pressure

Answer 53

acting in a certain way or feeling like they should act to align with the group

Question 54

conformity

Answer 54

when people modify their ideas, attitudes, behaviours or percepions to more closely reflect those held by groups where they belong or want to belong

Question 55

Factors affecting conformity (SNUGCID)

Answer 55

Social loafing Normative influence Unanimity Group size Culture Informational influence Deindividuation

Question 56

Social loafing

Answer 56

making less effort when it is a group task as opposed to an individual task

Question 57

Normative influence

Answer 57

believing that others expect you to act in a certain way

Question 58

unanimity

Answer 58

complete agreement in terms of knowing the answer

Question 59

group size

Answer 59

the number of people in a group. if there is a larger group, it is harder to go against people

Question 60

culture

Answer 60

social norms, expectations, rituals, practices and beliefs of certain societies or group. The effect of social and cultural factors on the tendency to conform

Question 61

informational influence

Answer 61

when we believe the information is true. more likely to conform with others when they want to give a correct answer

Question 62

deindividuation

Answer 62

the loss of individuality or the sense of anonymity that occurs in a group

Question 63

groupthink

Answer 63

when a group member's desire to maintain group loyalty becomes more important than making the best desicion

Question 64

groupshift

Answer 64

when dicussion leads a group to adopt attitudes or actions that are more extreme than initial actions or attitudes of the individual group members