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Psych > Unit 2 AOS 1 SAC > Flashcards

Unit 2 AOS 1 SAC Flashcards

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1
Q

Social cognition

A

how we interpret, analyse, remember and use information to make judgements about others in different social situations.

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2
Q

Person perception

A

mental processes used to form impressions and draw conclusions, which guide how we form relationships with people

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3
Q

Cognitive biases definition

A

a systematic error in thinking, generally due to oversimplifying information available

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4
Q

cognitive bias example

A

confirmation bias, actor observer bias, self serving bias, false consensus bias, halo effect, fundamental attribution error

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5
Q

confirmation bias

A

searching for and accepting information that supports beliefs and ignore contradictory information.

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6
Q

actor observer bias

A

attribute your behaviour to situational factors but others to personal factors

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7
Q

self serving bias

A

taking credit for success and attribute failures to situational factors

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8
Q

false consensus bias

A

overestimating how much others agree and share the same ideas as you.

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9
Q

halo effect

A

focussing on one positive trait and looking past more negative traits

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10
Q

attribution

A

the process that people use to explain their own and other’s behaviour. Personal and situational factors

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11
Q

personal attribution

A

INTERNAL factors. a person’s personality, ability, attitude and motivation, mood or effort

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12
Q

situational factors

A

EXTERNAL factors. actions, environment, task, luck, fate.

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13
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

overestimating the affect of personal factors and underestimating the affect of situational factors

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14
Q

attitudes

A

the judgement a person makes about other people, objects or experiences. can be positive, negative or neutral

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15
Q

tri component model

A

has affective, behavioural and cognitive components. All have to be present to form an attitude.

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16
Q

affective component

A

the emotions a person has towards something

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17
Q

behavioural component

A

the way our attitude is expressed through our actions

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18
Q

cognitive component

A

the belief a person has about something. linked to what the person already knows and is a result of experience

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19
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

when one of the 3 components of the model dont align with the other 2 (typically behavioural) and we experience an unpleasant feeling.

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20
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts that help us to make quick decisions on limited information to reduce cognitive load

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21
Q

heuristic types

A

availability, representativeness, affect, anchoring

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22
Q

availability heuristic

A

based on information that is easily accessible

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23
Q

anchoring heuristic

A

based on the first information recieved

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24
Q

representative heuristic

A

the probablility of an event occuring by comparing it to typical examples

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25
Q

affect heuristic

A

based on a person’s emotional state

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26
Q

positives of heuristics

A

positive: saves time, adaptive and protective, reduces cognitive load

27
Q

negatives of heuristics

A

negative: prone to error and bias, leads to base rate fallacy, when decisions are more influenced by memories and experience rather than facts

28
Q

stereotype

A

a collection of beliefs about people who belong to a certain group, regardless of their individual differences - COGNITIVE

29
Q

predjudice

A

holding a negative attitude toward a member of a group because they belong to that group - AFFECTIVE

30
Q

discrimination

A

unjust treatment of people because what group they belong in - BEHAVIOURAL

31
Q

factors contributing to predjudice

A

in groups and out groups, inter group conflict,

32
Q

ingroups and outgroups

A

viewing people in our ingroup as like us so see the outgroup different so more likely more negatively

33
Q

intergroup conflict

A

when 2 groups are competing for the same resources

34
Q

methods to reduce prejudice

A

sustained contact, mutual interdependence, equality of status, superordinate goals

35
Q

sustained contact

A

prolonged and cooperative interaction

36
Q

mutual interdependence

A

when 2 groups must depend of each other to reach a goal

37
Q

equality of status

A

being on the same level as each other

38
Q

superordinate goals

A

goals shared between groups that cannot be achieved alone

39
Q

group

A

any collection of 2 or more people who interact with and influence one another and share a common purpose

40
Q

status

A

the level of importance that group members percieve regarding another group member’s position

41
Q

power

A

an individual/group’s ability to strongly influence or control the throughts, feelings and behaviour of another person

42
Q

types of power

A

reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, expert, informational

43
Q

reward power

A

the ability to reward someone for doing the right behaviour

44
Q

coercive power

A

the ability to punish someone for doing the wrong behaviour

45
Q

legitimate power

A

appointed or elected leadership role or formal power

46
Q

referent power

A

role model, want to be like them

47
Q

expert power

A

knowledge or expertise in a specific field

48
Q

informational power

A

information others want that isn’t available elsewhere

49
Q

obedience

A

the act of people changing their behaviour in response to direct commands from an authority figure

50
Q

factors that effect obedience

A

proximity, status of authority figure, group pressure

51
Q

proximity

A

how physically close one or more people are to each other

52
Q

status of authority figure

A

an authority figure who has a higher position or status in a social hierarchy

53
Q

group pressure

A

acting in a certain way or feeling like they should act to align with the group

54
Q

conformity

A

when people modify their ideas, attitudes, behaviours or percepions to more closely reflect those held by groups where they belong or want to belong

55
Q

Factors affecting conformity (SNUGCID)

A

Social loafing
Normative influence
Unanimity
Group size
Culture
Informational influence
Deindividuation

56
Q

Social loafing

A

making less effort when it is a group task as opposed to an individual task

57
Q

Normative influence

A

believing that others expect you to act in a certain way

58
Q

unanimity

A

complete agreement in terms of knowing the answer

59
Q

group size

A

the number of people in a group. if there is a larger group, it is harder to go against people

60
Q

culture

A

social norms, expectations, rituals, practices and beliefs of certain societies or group. The effect of social and cultural factors on the tendency to conform

61
Q

informational influence

A

when we believe the information is true. more likely to conform with others when they want to give a correct answer

62
Q

deindividuation

A

the loss of individuality or the sense of anonymity that occurs in a group

63
Q

groupthink

A

when a group member’s desire to maintain group loyalty becomes more important than making the best desicion

64
Q

groupshift

A

when dicussion leads a group to adopt attitudes or actions that are more extreme than initial actions or attitudes of the individual group members

Psych (8 decks)

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