Unit 1 AOS 3 SAC Flashcards
primary data
collected first hand, and is original and unique to study
secondary data
data sourced from other reseach, not first hand. may be sourced from publicly available databases or from other researchers
percentages
given number/total number x 100
mean
average
median
middle number
mode
highest recurring number
systematic errors
errors that differ from true value by a consistent amount - affects the accuracy
random errors
errors that occur due to chance - affects the precision
conclusion questions
does the data support or reject the hypothesis?
is further evidence required?
are there clear recommendations for further studies?
Personal Errors
errors that occur based on mistakes of the experimenter or observer
Ethical Considerations (Can Voldemort Win If Dumbledore Dies)
Confidentiality, voluntary participation, withdrawal rights, informed consent, debriefing, deception
Hypothesis
PIPD - Population, Independant variable, prediction, dependant variable (comparison)
Ethical concepts
integrity, respect, justice, beneficence, non-maleficence
aim
to investigate the effect of (IV) on (DV)
Independent variable
purposely modified by researcher to test the change
Dependent variable
affected by IV, measurable
Population and sample
Population is the whole group of interest and the sample is the group of people used in the study
Sampling Techniques
convenience, random and stratified
convenience sampling
using a sample based on availability and convenience, e.g a teacher using their students
random sampling
selecting participants by chance, e.g picking names out of a hat
stratified sampling
split people into sub groups and then select from those groups, e.g groups based on age or gender
controlled variable
considered to have an effect on DV so has to be held constant to remove potential effects, e.g not being allowed to drink coffee before a test to be compared with a group that did drink coffee
extraneous variables
things that could potentially have an effect on the DV, e.g participant and experimenter variables, order effects, placebo effect and non standardised instructions
Research designs
Between subjects, within subjects, mixed design
between subjects research design
participants are split and are exposed to different conditions, they are measured against the other group
within subjects research design
each participant is exposed to both conditions and measured against themselves
Mixed design
has elements from between and within designs, has 2 IVs
