Unit 1 AOS 1 SAC Flashcards
Main ideas of psychological develpment
cognitive, emotional and social development
Cognitive development
to do with the brain, changes in a person’s mental abilities
emotional development
changes in how a person experiences, interprets and expresses the full range of emotions and the ability to cope with them appropriately
social development
changes to a persons ability to interact with others and function as a member of society
Nature (hereditary)
characteristics inherited from biological parents, e.g eye colour, genetic conditions. influence physical development
nurture (environmental)
environmental factors that influence development, e.g parenting style, relationships. influence psychological development
maturation
physical changes across the lifespan
sensitive periods
an individual is more responsive to certain types of learning, can be still learnt outside of the period, but is more difficult. Have more gradual start and end time compared to critical
critical periods
specific sensitivity to certain types of environmental factors, have more abrupt start and end times
experience expectant learning
situations that individuals would experience normally, e.g learning to speak. Deprivation can lead to permanent effects.
experience dependant learning
learning that can occur at any time in an individual’s life, e.g learning to read/write. However if a person misses the sensitive period it may be harder to learn
what did Ainsworth study
investigated the differences between quality of attachment. Tested using the Strange Situation method
secure attachment
a child feels secure and able to depend on a caregiver, and know they will provide comfort and reassurance
3 types of attachment
secure, resistant, insecure-avoidant (disorganised)
insecure resistant attachment
children become very distresses when caregiver leaves, result of poor maternal availability. Children cannot depend on caregiver to be there when they are in need.
insecure avoidant attachment (disorganised attachment)
children tend to avoid caregiver and show no preference between caregiver and a stranger. May be a result of abuse or neglect
Assimilation
new experiences combined with existing schemata
Accomodation
causes the schemata to change or modify
Piagets stages of developmet
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Sensorimotor stage
0-2 years, developments are object permanence and goal directed behaviour
Preoperational stage
2-7 years, imagination develops, along with symbolic thinking and egocentrism
Concrete operational stage
7-11 years, develops conservation, classification and reversability
Formal operational stage
11+ years, develops logical and abstract thinking
psychosocial crisis
a problem in which a person must deal with in order to gain positive traits in the future
Erikson Stage one
trust vs mistrust
Erikson Stage 2
autonomy vs shame and doubt
Erikson Stage 3
initiative vs guilt
Erikson Stage 4
industry vs inferiority
Erikson Stage 5
identity vs role confusion
Erikson Stage 6
intimacy vs isolation
Erikson Stage 7
generativity vs stagnation
Erikson Stage 8
integrity vs despair
trust vs mistrust
happens between birth and 18 months. infants usually recieve love, warmth, physical care and attention from caregiver, which develops trust. inconsistency in care can lead to mistrust
autonomy vs shame and doubt
happens between 18 months and 3 years. autonomy is when children want to explore their independence in their mental and motor capabilities. if caregivers are overprotective and child is being held back and punished, this can lead to shame and doubt
initiative vs guilt
happens between ages 3-5. parents can encourage initiative in children by encouraging them to play, but if parents criticise or don’t let the child play, they may develop guilt
industry vs inferiority
happens between ages 5-12. Children become interested in how things are made. encouraging them may result in industry. if they are critiqued too much, they may develop inferiority.
identity vs role confusion
occurs between ages 12-18. adolescents begin to develop their own identity based on their values, beliefs and interests. people who don’t develop this will experience role confusion.
intimacy vs isolation
occurs between ages 18-25. young adults seek deep friendships and relationships. if someone finds intimacy, they will be able to care for others and share experiences. an inability to develop deep relationships can lead to isolation.
generativity vs stagnation
occurs between ages 25-65. Adults make a decision on whether they want to contribute in other people’s lives or just care about themselves. choosing to assist or care for the next generation will develop generativity, and those who fail to contribute will develop stagnation.
integrity vs despair
from age 65 onwards. adults who feel they have made the right choices in life will feel a sense of integrity. if an adult feels unhappy about the life they lived, they will feel a sense of despair and regret.
Attachment
the formation of long lasting emotional bonds between an infant and caregiver that regularly cares for and is deeply involved with infant
the strange situation
a standardised test to measure the attachment relationship between a child and parent, involving a series of seperations and reunions involving the caregiver, infant and a stranger
Kohlburg Pre conventional level stages (1 & 2)
Punishment and Obedience and Naive reward orientation
Kohlburg Conventional level stages (3 & 4)
Good boy/girl orientation and Authority orientation
Kohlburg Post conventional stages
(5 & 6)
Social construct orientation and Individual principles & concience orientation
Kohlburg stage 1: Punishment and obedience
Occurs during early childhood, right and wrong is determined by what is punished, as punishment provides information about what is wrong
Kohlburg stage 2: Naive reward orientation
Occurs during childhood. Key focus is rewards related to themself. Right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded, as child follows rules if it is in their interest
Kohlburg stage 3: Good boy/girl orientation
Occurs during late childhood and adolescence. Key focus is mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships and conformity. Right and wrong is determined by approval/disapproval from close family and friends
Kohlburg stage 4: Authority orientation
Occurs during late childhood and adolescence. Key focus is authority and law and order. Right and wrong is determined by society’s rules and laws, which are to be obeyed rigidly
Kohlburg stage 5: Social contract orientation
Occurs during adulthood. Key focus is social contract and individual rights. Right and wrong is determined by society’s rules and laws, which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute.
Kohlburg stage 6: Individual principles and conscience orientation
Occurs during adulthood. Key focus is individual principles and conscience. Right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasise equity and justice.
Psychosocial development
the interactions between cognitive and social processes throughout the lifespan that affect development and growth
