Unit 2 AOS 1 Ch 6 & 7 Flashcards
Social Cognition
how we perceive, think about and use information to understand and make judgements about ourselves and others in different social situations
Person Perception
refers to the mental processes we use to think about and evaluate other people.
- person perception leads us to make judgements based on limited information that may be inaccurate, first impressions can be influenced by expectations, biases, and incomplete information. aka physical cues
Halo effect
the tendancy to allow our overall positive impression of a person, on our positive impression of a specific quality, to influence our beliefs and expectiations about the person in other qualities.
social categorisation- what are in groups and out groups?
ingroups- any group which you belong to or identify with
out groups- any group you do not belong to or identify with
what is attribution?
the process by which we explain the cause of our own or another persons bahaviour
external attribution
an explanation of behaviour due to factors associated with the situation the person is in.
eg- blaming the room was too cold after performing poorly in a test
internal attribution
an explaination due to the characteristics of the person involved such as their personality, ability, attitude, motivation, mood or effort.
eg- they were rude to the bus driver because they are in a bad mood
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors on other peoples behaviour
eg- saying a coworker was late bc they are unreliable, rather than the fact they got stuck in traffic
actor-observer bias
the tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external or situational factors, yes attribute others behaviour to internal factors
eg- you trip and fall u blame the floors slippery, you see someone else fall and believe it’s bc they’re clumsy
self serving bias
when judging ourselves we tend to take the credit for our successes and deny responsibility for failures, which is blamed on external factors.
eg- if a student does well on exam they credit their preparation but if they fail they blame the test being too hard.
tricomponent model-
affective component (feelings)-
a refers to the emotions, reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person, event or issue.
eg. “i feel scared when i see a snake”
behavioural component (actions)-
the way in which attitude is expressed through our actions
eg. “i avoid snakes and scream if i see one”
cognitive component (beliefs)-
beliefs we have about an object, person, group, event or issue.
eg. “i think snakes are gross and dangerous”
what’s a stereotype?
a stereotype is a generalisation about the personal characteristics of the members of a societal group
-stereotypes tend to be fixed and resistent to change
-it can lead to social stigma
advantages and disadvantages of stereotypes
advantage- simplify and make person perception more effiencebt
disadvantage- are not always true, can be rude and overlooks a persons individuality
physical ques
the way people look and the way they act
attitude
an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue.
cognitive dissonance
unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people become aware that there is inconsistenty among their various beliefs, attitudes or other cognition,
or
that their behaviour conflicts their cognitions.
cognitive bias
a systematic error of judgement and faulty decision making.
availability heuristic
making a judgement based on how easy or difficult it is to bring specific examples to mind
-may lead to errors of judgement
prejudice
negative attitude towards another person or social group, formed in advance of any experience with that person or group.
ways to reduce prejudice
-inter group contact
-sustained contact
-mutual inderpendence
-superordinate goal
-equality of status
-cognitive intervention
discrimination
takes place when a person or a social group is treated differently than others
status
refers to the importance of an individuals position in the group, as perceived by members of the group
power
refers to an individual or groups ability to control or influence another person or group, even when they try to resist this influence
groupthink
way of thinking by individual members of a group characterised by a strong tendency to seek agreement when decision making or problem solving thereby overriding any realistic considerations of possible alternative, better options.
social comparison
process of evaluating our attitudes and abilities by comparing ourselves to other people
obidience
occurs when we follow the commands of someone with authority, or the rules, or laws of our society.
conformity
tendency to adjust once thought feelings of behaviours so that they are more consistent with those of other people, or with accepted standards about how person should behave in certain situations
social loafing
Where people are less productive when working in a team
influences of media on behaviour
tv-
use of education kids learn words
Exposure to aggression and violence
Video games -
Can be used to educate in train
Excess can cause bad hygiene due to distractions
Social media -
Fostering a supportive social network
Can be a distractor and impact learning
Advertising-
Useful to those who shop online
Unrealistic life ideas perpetuated by ads
negative impact of social media and gaming addictions
Affect physical mental and social well-being by not exercising unrealistic expectations and not going out with friends
anti-conformity
Deliberate refusal to comply with accepted standards in a society
reactants theory
A response to a perceived threat or loss of their freedom to think feel or behave as they want to
Heuristic
A strategies for solving a problem or making a decision that is based on experience with similar types of problems but cannot guarantee a correct outcome
DeIndividuation
Reduce self awareness, inhibiting feelings of personal responsibility and inner restraint that can occur when in a crowd
factors affecting conformity
the size of the group
whether or not the group members are unanimous in their views
whether the group is viewed as being a valuable source of information
awareness of accepted standards about how one should behave (normative influence)
cultural background
social loafing.
