Chapter 4- Role of the brain in mental processes and behaviour

Question 1

cerebral cortex

Answer 1

the outer layer of the brain involved in complex mental abilities, sensory processing and voluntary movements; roles in a diverse range of activities

Question 2

phrenology

Answer 2

a theory linking specific abilities or personality traits to specific areas of the brain, especially bumps and hollows in the skull surface

Question 3

neuroimaging techniques

Answer 3

a technique that captures a picture of the brain

Question 4

structural neuroimaging

Answer 4

refers to the technique that produces images or “scans”, showing brain structure and anatomy, such as the CT and standard MRI

Question 5

CT

Answer 5

uses x-ray equipment to scan the brain at different angles. a computer builds up a picture and creates an image showing a horizontal cross section of the brain, as if it has been sliced through
limitations- only shows brain structure and admit radiation

Question 6

MRI

Answer 6

uses harmless magnetic fields to vibrate atoms in the brains in neurons and generate a computer image of the brain. MRI images are clearer and more detailed than CT. It can display extremely small changes in the brains anatomy.
Limitations -cannot reveal how brain functions

Question 7

functional neuro imaging

Answer 7

Techniques that provide views of some aspects of the brain function by showing images of the brain at work. They also provide information about brain structure, example, pet and fMRI

Question 8

PET

Answer 8

produces 2-D or 3-D colour, images showing brain, structure, activity, and function. It is used to record the level of activity in different brain areas, while the participate engages in some kind of mental activity, such as imaging, remembering, listening, talking, or moving a body part.
limitations- uses a radioactive tracer

Question 9

fMRI

Answer 9

detect and record brain activity by measuring oxygen consumption across the brain. It does not expose participants to radioactive traces, active brain areas identified by detecting changes in oxygen levels in the blood as it flows through the brain. It is often preferred and psychological research.

Question 10

Role of the hind brain

Answer 10

autonomic responses,
collection of lower level brain structures that include medulla, ponds, and cerebellum

Question 11

medulla

Answer 11

Vital bodily functions, for example, swallowing breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, vomiting, salivating, coughing, and sneezing

Question 12

pons

Answer 12

Sleep, dreaming, arousal, health, control, breathing and coordination of some muscle movements. It also serves as a bridge.

Question 13

cerebellum

Answer 13

Coordinates, fine muscle movements and regulates posture imbalance

Question 14

mid brain

Answer 14

Collection of structures involving with movement processing in sensory information. Sleep and arousal includes the reticular formation.

Question 15

reticular formation

Answer 15

Screens incoming information, so it’s not to overload. The brain alert higher brain centres to important information helps maintain consciousness and regulate arousal and muscle tone

Question 16

Forebrain

Answer 16

Regulates complex cognitive processes, such as thinking, learning, memory and perception, as well as various aspects of emotion and personality

Question 17

Hypothalamus

Answer 17

Regulating release of hormones and influencing behaviours associated with hunger, thirst and sleep

Question 18

Thalamus

Answer 18

Acts as a release station, helps vision hearing and feeling sensations

Question 19

Cerebrum

Answer 19

primarily responsible for everything we think feel and do it is divided into two hemispheres, the left and right hemisphere which are further subdivided into four lobes

Question 20

left hemisphere

Answer 20

Verbal functions, example, reading, writing, speaking, and understanding speech logical reasoning

Question 21

frontal lobe

Answer 21

Prefrontal cortex- reasoning, planning, problem-solving decision-making, symbolic, thinking regulation of emotions, expression of emotional reactions, self awareness, and aspects of personality
Primary motor cortex-initiates and controls voluntary movements
brocas area -production of speech that is clear and fluent

Question 22

Parietal lobe

Answer 22

Receives and processes bodily somatosensory information such as touching temperature from the skin and information about muscle movement from muscles, tendons and joints, attention, special reasoning, judging position of body in a space
Primary somatosensory cortex-
Receives and processes, sensory information from the skin, arms, hands, legs, feet lips and tongue

Question 23

Occipital lobe

Answer 23

The sense of vision damage can control visual impairments organising, selecting an integrating visual info
Primary visual cortex - the major destination of visual information from the two eyes

Question 24

Temporal lobe

Answer 24

involved in auditory perception, memory ability to identify objects, recognise faces, and our emotional response to sensory information and memories
Primary auditory cortex- receives, and purses sounds from both ears to perceive an identify different types of sounds
wernickes area- comprehension and interpreting the sounds of human speech