Chapter 2- The complexity of psychological development Flashcards
development
psychological or physical change in an organism that occurs over time
areas of development- emotional development
involves changes in how an individual experiences different feelings and how those feelings are expressed, interpreted and dealt with
eg. the way anger is expressed at different ages
cognitive development
involves changes in an individuals, mental abilities such as reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making, perception, learning, memory and use of language
social development
Involves changes in an individuals relationships with other people and their skills interacting with others, such as the ability to form and maintain close relationships with others in a group situation
hereditary factors
involves the transition of characteristics from biological parents to their offering VA genes at the time of conception. genes affect physical development, as well as influencing psychological development genes are seem to influence the onset of some psychological disorders.
although child born to a parent with schizophrenia will not definitely inherit it, rather just increase that likelihood of developing it
environmental factors
refers to all the experiences, objects and events to which are exposed throughout our entire lifetime. environmental factors include who you have in your family, how you abroad up, schooling, job, religion, culture, major, life, events, etc. The influence of some environmental factors is less than others.
nature versus nature
Refers to the debate, believing in whether it is nature (hereditary) or nurture (environment), determined, psychological development. Now we learn about how they are, both interact, influencing, our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
Biopsychosocial model: psychological factors
Effects prior experience, learning, memory ways of thinking attitude and beliefs, perception, emotions, resilience, coping skills
Biological factors
genes, age, gender, race, brain chemistry, nervous system activity, hormones, disease, sleep patterns, bodily response, distress
Social factors
Interpersonal relationships, access to social support, social media, educational background, employment, history, economic circumstance, access to healthcare, social stresses, ethnicity, cultural values, and traditions
Harry Harlow’s attachment in monkeys, especially his findings on attachment
Aim-
find out whether provision of food or contact comfort is more important in the formation of infant mother attachment
Group one-
group of monkeys in our cage with wired, mother did not provide food and cloth mother did
Group two-
cloth mother didn’t provide food wire mother did
IV-
provision of food by either a cloth or wired, surrogate mother
DV-
Amount of contact time spent with cough and wire mother
Results-
all monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother than the wired, mother regardless of food
Conclusion-
contact is more important than feeding in the formation of infant mother attachment in monkeys
Generalisation-
contact comfort is likely to be a crucial factor in human infant carer attachment
Cognitive development
Developmental changes in mental abilities
Adaption
involves taking in processing, organising and using new information in ways which enable us to adjust to changes in our environment
Assimilation
The process of taking in new information and fitting it into and making it a pre-existing mental idea about objects or experiences
accommodation
Involves changing a pre-existing mental idea in order to fit in new information
