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Small Animal Surgery > Unit 2: 7 - Urogenital 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2: 7 - Urogenital 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most serious driving force behind renal necrosis, fibrosis, scarring, and atrophy?

A

Vascular damage

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2
Q

What is important about the left renal vein and what drains into it?

A

Receives blood from left ovarian/testicular v.;

This is especially important in intact animals

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3
Q

What ligament are the ureters associated with?

A

Broad ligament

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4
Q

The ureters enter the bladder on the _____ surface at the _____.

A

dorsolateral, urinary trigone

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5
Q

What is the median ligament?

A

Holds bladder in place;

Ventral midline of bladder to ventral abdominal midline

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6
Q

Where are the lateral ligaments and what do they contain?

A

Lateral surfaces of bladder to lateral pelvic wall, blend with broad ligament and contain the ureters

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7
Q

What is the blood supply to the bladder?

A

Cranial and caudal vesicular aa.

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8
Q

What are the 3 sources of innervation to the bladder?

A
  1. Sympathetic = hypogastric n. –> urinary retention
  2. Parasympathetic = pelvic n. –> urinary release
  3. Somatic = pudendal n. –> external urethral sphincter
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9
Q

What are the 3 parts of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic, membranous, penile

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10
Q

What are urethral tears and partial ruptures usually related to?

A

trauma

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11
Q

What is the treatment for urethral tears?

A

Primary surgical repair, healing by second intention

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12
Q

What should be the first thing attempted with urethral calculi?

A

Moved back to the bladder by retrohydropropulsion or urohydropropulsion

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13
Q

What is the indication for a urethrotomy?

A

Removal of calculi that cannot be moved

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14
Q

What is the biggest concern with a urethrotomy?

A

stricture

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15
Q

What is a urethrostomy?

A

Permanent stoma is created and urethral mucosa is sutured to skin

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16
Q

What are indications for a urethrostomy?

A

Recurrent obstruction with stone or mucus plugs, neoplasia

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17
Q

What type of urethrostomy is done in cats?

A

perineal

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18
Q

What type of urethrostomy is done in dogs?

A

scrotal

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19
Q

Dogs must be _____ for a scrotal urethrostomy to work.

A

castrated

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20
Q

What is the most common indication for a cystotomy?

A

Urinary calculi removal

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21
Q

What 3 areas should always be sampled with a cystotomy?

A
  1. Stone analysis
  2. Bladder wall histopath
  3. Culture of bladder wall/urine/stone
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22
Q

What is the preferred incision site for a cystotomy?

A

ventral

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23
Q

What urinary calculi are radiopaque?

A

Calcium oxalate, struvite, silicate

24
Q

What urinary calculi are radiolucent?

A

Cysteine, urate

25
Q

What stones can be dissolved?

A

Struvite, urate, cystine

26
Q

What is the treatment for a urolith?

A

Cystotomy

27
Q

What 3 things should always be done when doing a cystotomy for urolithiasis?

A
  1. Calculi analysis
  2. Bacterial culture of bladder mucosa
  3. Abdominal rads post-op
28
Q

What is the prevalence of recurrence of urolithiasis?

A

12-25%

29
Q

What is the most common bladder/urethral neoplasia?

A

TCC of the trigone

30
Q

What are differentials for a bladder mass?

A

Polypoid cystitis, stones, prostatic dz

31
Q

What type of urinary tumors can be resected?

A

apical

32
Q

What is the prognosis for most malignant urinary neoplasias?

A

guarded

33
Q

What is the most common source for a uroabdomen?

A

bladder

34
Q

What acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities can be seen with a uroabdomen?

A

Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis, azotemia

35
Q

Immediate surgery for a uroabdomen is contraindicated in patients that are significantly _____ or _____.

A

hyperkalemic, uremic

36
Q

What are 2 ways in which a uroabdomen can be diagnosed?

A
  1. Fluid CREA > Serum CREA (>2:1)
  2. Fluid K > Serum K (>1.4 : 1)
37
Q

When is surgery indicated for ureteroliths?

A

If there is obstruction

38
Q

If a ureterolith is non-obstructive, what can be done?

A

Stone dissolution and/or prevention of future stone formation

39
Q

What is an extramural ectopic ureter?

A

Bypasses bladder entirely and enters urethra

40
Q

What is an intramural ectopic ureter?

A

Enters bladder at normal location, courses submucosally, and opens into urethral lumen

41
Q

What is the CS associated with an ectopic ureter?

A

Continuous urinary incontinence

42
Q

What breed, age, and sex are ectopic ureters more common in?

A

Dogs, <1 year, female

43
Q

What is cystoscopy good for when there is an ectopic ureter?

A

To determine intra- vs. extramural

44
Q

What procedure is done for an intramural EU?

A

Neoureterostomy

45
Q

What procedure is done for an extramural EU?

A

Ureteroneocystotomy

46
Q

What is a neoureterostomy?

A

Creation of a new stoma in the bladder

47
Q

What is an ureteroneocystotomy?

A

Ligation of the distal ureter and re-implantation into the bladder

48
Q

Why might adjunct treatment be needed after EU correction?

A

30-55% of dogs continue to show some degree of urinary incontinence

49
Q

Renal biopsies should be avoided unless ….. ?

A

Unless the results will alter the course of therapy or prognosis

50
Q

What type of biopsy is preferred for the kidney?

A

Tru-cut

51
Q

What part of the kidney is ideal for a biopsy and why?

A

Cortex/peripheral tissue;

Hemorrhage can occur if the arcuate vessels are entered

52
Q

What is a nephrostomy tube?

A

Temporary ureteral bypass

53
Q

What MUST be known before performing a nephrectomy?

A

Function of the contralateral kidney

54
Q

What is the limiting factor for renal transplantation?

A

Immunosuppression

55
Q

What spp is the only one that can have a renal transplant?

A

cats

Small Animal Surgery (17 decks)

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