Unit 2: 6 - Urogenital 1 Flashcards
What is the suspensory ligament?
Attachment coursing to the last 2 ribs from the ovary 9dorsolateral body wall), tough
What is the proper ligament?
Attachment between the ovary and the uterine horn
What is the round ligament?
Runs from the ovary to the inguinal canal, tough
What is the broad ligament?
Thin peritoneal fold
Retraction of the _____ and the _____ will expose the ovaries and pedicles on the ____ and _____ side, respectively.
mesocolon, mesoduodenum, left, right
The broad ligament can have a significant amount of ____ in dogs.
fat
The broad ligament usually has very little fat in _____.
cats
What artery is held by the broad ligament?
uterine artery
What is a ovariectomy?
Removal of the ovaries only
What is a ovariohysterectomy?
Removal of ovaries, uterine horns, part of uternine body
What is the main goal of an OHE?
Population control
What is the approach to an OHE in dogs?
Just caudal to the umbilicus, in the cranial third of the abdomen
What is the approach to an OHE in cats?
Middle third of the caudal abdomen
What can happen if any ovarian tissue is left behind?
Ovarian remnant syndrome;
Animal starts going into heat again - tissue is much harder to find than just taking out the first time
What is the preferred ligation for the ovarian pedicle?
Miller’s knot + transfixation knot
T/F: Ovariectomy results in higher risk for pyometra and neoplasia
False
What is the most common pathogen encountered in a pyometra?
E. coli
What is a closed vs. open pyometra?
Closed = closed cervix, no drainage
Open = open cervix, drainage
What is the treatment of choice for a pyomoetra?
OHE
What is the approach to a C-section?
Ventral midline incision in the uterine body
How is a C-section closed?
Appositional pattern (simple cont) followed by inverting pattern (Cushing or Lembert)
How can you tell the difference between a vaginal prolapse and a mass?
With a prolapse you should feel the central lumen on digital palpation
What is the guaranteed treatment for a vaginal prolapse?
OHE
Are vaginal masses most often benign or malignant?
Benign
What procedure is indicated for large vaginal masses?
Episiostomy
What is an episioplasty used for?
Vulvar fold dermatitis
How often are mammary masses malignant in dogs?
50%
What is the incidence of mammary masses if OHE is prior to 1st estrus?
0.5%
What is the incidence of mammary masses if OHE is between 1st and 2nd estrus?
8%
What is the incidence of mammary masses if OHE is between 2nd estrus and 2.5 years?
26%
What is the incidence of mammary masses if OHE is after 2.5 years?
There is no protective effect
How often are mammary masses malignant in cats?
90%
What is a lumpectomy of a mammary mass?
Removal of part of a mammary gland
What is a simple mastectomy?
Excision of entire gland
What is a regional mastectomy?
Excision of 2+ adjacent glands (+/- regional LN)
What is a unilateral radical mastectomy?
Removal of multiple masses in glands
The spermatic cord starts at the _____.
inguinal ring
What are the components of the spermatic cord?
Testicular artery, pampiniform pelxus, ductus deferens, cremaster muscle
The cremaster muscle is an extension of what muscle?
External abdominal oblique
What is a closed orchiectomy?
Parietal vaginal tunic is not incised
What is an open orchiectomy?
Parietal vaginal tunic is incised (individual ligations)
At what age should both testicles be descended?
2 months old
What type of cryptochidism is more common?
Unilateral
Which testicle is more commonly retained?
right
Where would a cryptorchid testicle be?
Anywhere between the original location (caudal to kidney) and scrotum;
Can be inguinal or abdominal
What structure can feel similar to the retained testicle that we should be not mistake it for?
Inguinal fat pad
What is the procedure for a cryptorchid castration?
- Caudal abdominal incision
- ID testicle by attachments
- Double ligate ductus deferens and testicular vasculature
- Transect ligament of the tail of the epididymis (gubernaculum)
What is the most common prostatic disease?
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
What are exam and clinical findings for BPH?
Non-painful, bilaterally symmetrical enlargement, may have tenesmus
What is the treatment for BPH?
castration
What is prostatic abscessation?
Painful, non-symmetrical enlargement, can be life threatening
What is treatment for prostatic abscessation?
Debridement and omentalization;
Subtotal prostatectomy if recurring dz;
Always perform biopsy and culture
What are prostatic cysts often associated with?
BPH
Prostatic cysts can be continuous with the _____.
urethral lumen
What is the treatment for prostatic cysts?
Castration, surgical drainage of cysts
What should you always do diagnostically with prostatic cysts?
Bacterial culture, biopsy, and submit biopsy
What are the 2 most common types of prostatic neoplasia?
Carcinoma and TCC
What is the long term prognosis for prostatic neoplasia?
poor
What is paraphimosis?
Penis protrudes from preputial sheath and cannot be replaced.
What is phimosis?
Inability to protrude penis beyond the preputial orifice.
