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Small Animal Surgery > Unit 2: 5 - Musculoskeletal Neoplasia > Flashcards

Unit 2: 5 - Musculoskeletal Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primary bone tumor?

A

Arises from bone itself

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2
Q

What is a secondary bone tumor?

A

It is metastatic to the bone

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3
Q

What is the most common primary bone tumor in dogs?

A

Osteosarcoma (85%)

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4
Q

What age dogs get osteosarcoma?

A

There is a subset of juveniles that get it (18-24 months)

But the majority are 7-10 years old

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5
Q

What breeds predominantly have osteosarcoma?

A

Large and giant breeds;

It is rare in cats

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6
Q

What is the prevalence of osteosarcoma in the appendicular, axial, and extraskeletal locations in the dog?

A

Appendicular (75%) > Axial (25%) > Extraskeletal

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7
Q

What specific locations is osteosarcoma most commonly found in in dogs?

A

Distal radius and proximal humerus

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8
Q

Where on the bone does osteosarcoma prefer in dogs?

A

Metaphysis

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9
Q

What does it mean when we say that osteosarcoma is monostotic?

A

It is limited to one bone

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10
Q

Generally, we can say that osteosarcoma in dogs likes to be _____ from the elbow and _____ the knee.

A

away, towards

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11
Q

Other than the distal radius and proximal humerus, what are 2 other locations where osteosarcoma can be found in dogs?

A

Distal femur, proximal tibia

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12
Q

T/F: Osteosarc is highly metastatic in dogs.

A

True

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13
Q

>90% of osteosarc metastasis is to the _____ in dogs.

A

lungs

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14
Q

Osteosarc is the most _____ bone neoplasm in cats, but it is still _____ overall.

A

common, rare

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15
Q

What is the prevalence of appendicular vs. axial osteosarc in cats?

A

Appendicular (50-60%) > Axial (40-45%)

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16
Q

What is the metastatic rate of osteosarc in cats?

A

10%

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17
Q

What is the prognosis for osteosarc in cats?

A

Prolonged survival with amputation alone (>64 months)

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18
Q

Which location in cats has a worse prognosis for osteosarc?

A

axial

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19
Q

What is the most common location for a chondrosarcome?

A

tibia

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20
Q

What are 2 differentials for secondary bone neoplasia?

A
  1. Multiple myeloma
  2. Carcinomas
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21
Q

What neoplasms are polyostotic and what does this mean?

A

Joint neoplasms;

Can be involved with more than 1 bone

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22
Q

What are the 3 common joint neoplasms?

A
  1. Synovial cell sarcoma
  2. Histiocytic sarcoma
  3. Synovial myxoma
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23
Q

Where do synovial cell sarcomas like to grow and what breeds are prone to these?

A

Elbow and stifle;

Golden Retrievers

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24
Q

What is the metastatic rate for histiocytic sarcomas?

What breeds are prone to getting them?

A

High;

Rottweilers, Bernese Mountain Dogs

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25
Q

What breed is prone to synovial myxomas?

A

Dobermans

26
Q

What changes on a chemistry would be negative prognostic indicators with a bone neoplasm?

A

Elevated ALP and monocytosis

27
Q

What is osteolysis?

A

Breakdown or dissolution of bone due to injury or disease

28
Q

What 6 bone conditions can have osteolysis?

A
  1. Neoplasia
  2. Fungal osteomyelitis (Blastomycosis)
  3. Bacterial osteomyelitis
  4. Bone cysts
  5. Avascular necrosis
  6. Hypertrophic osteopathy
29
Q

Obtaining a diagnosis for a bone tumor is often times _____.

A

presumptive

30
Q

What diagnostics are done to confirm a bone tumor?

A
  1. FNA with cytology
  2. Biopsy
  3. +/- tissue culture/susceptibility
31
Q

How often are FNAs diagnostic for bone tumors?

A

85%

32
Q

How accurate are FNAs for a bone tumor, and how is this increased?

A

70%, higher with ultrasound guidance

33
Q

What are the types of biopsies that can be taken for a bone tumor?

A

Closed (jamshidi or Michele trephine)

Open

34
Q

Where do you want to obtain a bone biopsy from in relation to the tumor?

A

At the center of the lesion

35
Q

How does chemo affect survival time for a bone tumor?

A

Prolongs it

36
Q

What is the minimum margin for bone tumor removal?

A

Minimum 3 cm

37
Q

What is amputation?

A

Removal of an appendage or part of an appendage

38
Q

What are 6 indications for amputation?

A
  1. Neoplasia
  2. Trauma
  3. Congenital malformation
  4. Peripheral nerve trauma
  5. Intractable infection
  6. Ischemic necrosis
39
Q

What are 2 types of intractable infections that can indicate that an amputation is needed?

A

Gangrene, orthopedic

40
Q

What are 3 types of ischemic necrosis that can indicate that an amputation is needed?

A

Frostbite, burns, trauma

41
Q

What are 4 contraindications for amputation?

A
  1. Ortho exam shows no need
  2. Neuro exam shows no need
  3. BCS
  4. Owner preference
42
Q

T/F: Body size (i.e. giant breeds) are a contraindication for amputation.

A

False;

May just be slower to adapt but can recover just fine

43
Q

What are the 3 types of thoracic limb amputations?

Which is the only one that should realistically be performed and what is the difference?

A
  1. Forequarter - takes scapula –> ONLY ONE THAT SHOULD BE DONE
  2. Shoulder disarticulation
  3. Mid-humeral
44
Q

Where should the incision for a forequarter amputation be made?

A

Incision along spine of scapula, around proximal brachium

45
Q

What should be submitted if a forequarter amputation is being removed due to a tumor?

A

Axillary and prescapular LNs

46
Q

What is a partial scapulectomy?

A

Preserves acromion

47
Q

What is a subtotal scapulectomy?

A

Preserves glenoid/shoulder joint

48
Q

What is a total scapulectomy?

A

All of the scapula is removed

49
Q

What is an ulnectomy?

A

Removal of only part of the una

50
Q

What are the 2 types of pelvic limb amputations?

Which is the only one that should be performed?

A
  1. Coxofemoral disarticulation –> remove at hip joint –> ONLY DO THIS ONE
  2. Mid-femoral
51
Q

What is the approach for a coxofemoral disarticulation?

A

Incision flank fold to ischiatic tuberosity, semicircular, curving mid-femur laterally

52
Q

What should be removed and submitted if a coxofemoral disarticulation is done due to a tumor?

A

Popliteal LNs

53
Q

What is an acetabulectomy?

A

En bloc resection of the acetabulum with the limb

54
Q

When doing a hemipelvectomy, a partial (up to 1/3) _____ can also be done.

A

sacrectomy

55
Q

What are 5 indications for a digit amputation?

A
  1. Neoplasia
  2. Self-mutilation
  3. Trauma
  4. Deep infection/migrating FB
  5. Congenital
56
Q

What are the tumor types that can occur in the digits of a dog and what is their relative frequency?

A

SCC > Melanoma > OSA, MCT, STS

57
Q

What are the tumor types that can occur in the digits of cats and what are their relative frequencies?

A

SCC > FSA > adenocarcinoma > OSA, HSA > MCT

58
Q

What is lung digit syndrome?

A

If you find a digit tumor in cats, chest rads are indicated because cats more commonly have a primary lung tumor with secondary metastasis to the digits than the other way around.

59
Q

What are the weight-bearing digits?

A

3 and 4

60
Q

What is a partial foot amputation?

A

Removal of 2 adjacent digits en bloc with or without MC or MT bones

61
Q

What are the 4 declaw techniques?

A
  1. Scalpel (#11 or #15)
  2. Guillotine
  3. Laser
  4. Deep digital flexor tenectomy

Small Animal Surgery (17 decks)

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