Unit 2 Flashcards
Respiration
The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment.
Inspiration
Process of bringing gas into the cells (inhalation)
Expiration
Process of eliminating waste.
Boyle’s Law
If you increase volume, pressure will decrease, if you decrease volume pressure will increase.
3 Parts of Framework or Respiration
Vertebral column, pelvic and pectoral girdles, and rib cage.
Vertebral Column
Provides protection for the spinal cord.
5 divisions of the vertebra (highest to lowest)
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
Which two sections fuse to become one?
The sacrum and coccygeal.
Invertebral Discs
Fibrocartilaginous discs that are found between C1 and C2, and provide support and cushion to vertebrae.
Body of Vertebrae
Anterior large plate like portion
Pedicles of the vertebrae
On the lateral side of the body, project posteriorly the join at midline.
Neural arch
Created where pedicles join at midline
Vertebral foreman
Canal created when vertebrae are stacked.
Spinous process
Extends dorsally and inferiorly from neural arch, attachment point of muscles and ligaments, protect the vertebral column.
Transverse process
Project laterally on either side of the lamina, and is also an attachment point for muscles and ligaments, and allows for the movement of the odontoid process.
Anatomy of Vertebrae
Ribs articulate with transverse processes in thoracic vertebrae.
Superior Articular processes
They are paired and articulate with adjacent superior vertebrae.
Inferior Articular processes
Articulate with adjacent inferior vertebrae
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
Extend through the length of the spinal column and bind the bodies of the vertebrae together.
Cervical vertebrae
Composed of the neck bone.
Atlas
First vertebrae, supports weight of the skull, and very small spinous process.
Axis
Fits into atlas, allows for rotation and pivoting of the skull
Dens or odontoid process
Protrudes through the vertebral foreman and helps protect damage to the spinal cord.
Cervical vertebrae
Prominent spinous process, transverse processes, invertebral foramina, superior and inferior articulate facets, and for rotating and rocking.
Thoracic vertebrae
Larger spinous and transverse processes than cervical vertebrae, attachment point for the ribs.
Ribs
They attach to thoracic vertebrae via the superior and inferior costal facets, ribs 1, 10, 11, and 12 attach at a 1:1 ratio meaning rib 10 connects to vertebrae 10, ribs 2-9 attach to the transverse process and the body of the vertebrae above it. All attach to the sternum by means of costal cartilage except for two lowest
Lumbar vertebrae
Largest and strongest vertebrae, carries weight during walking and lifting, and attachment points for back and abdominal muscles.
Sacrum
Sacral vertebrae fuse together or ossify to for the sacrum, sacral foramina provide a passageway for sacral nerves.
Coccyx
4 fused coccygeal vertebrae, beak like, articulates with sacrum by means of a small disc.
Normal spine curvature
Straight from anterior to posterior with very slight curve to the right, straight or slight curve forward in cervical section, convex in thoracic, concave in lumbar and convex in sacral.
Abnormal
Lateral curve scoliosis
Kyphosis
Hunchback, abnormal convexity thoracic region.
Lordosis
Swayback, abnormal concavity in lumbar or cervical area.
Pelvic girdle
Supports lower extremities, bears weight for legs.
4 component of the pelvic girdle
Ilium, ischium, sacrum, and pubic bone.
Ilium
Large wing like bone, support for the abdominal muscles, attachment point for inguinial ligament
Ischium
Makes up lower and back portion of hip and fuses with ilium and pubis.
Pectoral girdle
Supports upper extremities.
3 components of pectoral girdle
Scapula, clavicle, and sternum.
Scapula
Attachment point of several muscles, and clavicle
Clavicle
Provides anterior support for shoulder, and attaches to the sternum and anterior portion of scapula.
4 components of the Ribs
Head, neck, shaft, and angle.
Head
Provides the articulating surface with the spinal column
Neck
Portion right below the head of the rib
Shaft
The body of the rib
Angle
The point at which the rib begins to curve forward
True ribs
Ribs 1-7, direct attachment to the sternum via a cartilaginous union
False ribs
Ribs 8-10 attached to the sternum via cartilage which runs superiorly
Floating rib
Ribs 11-12 articulate with the vertebral column.
Sternum
Attaches to the clavicle and articulates with ribs by means of costal cartilage
3 components of sternum
Manubrium sterni, corpus, xiphoid.
Manubrium
Uppermost segment of sternum, contains jugular notch, and articulates with the clavicle and first rib.
Body
Articulates with 6 ribs, forms the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum.
Xiphoid process
Provides attachment to the linea alba (midline of abdomen)
Respiratory passageway
Provides communication between the lungs and external environment
4 components of RP
Oral and nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
Trachea
Flexible tube, ~11 cm in length, composed of 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings on the anterior portion of the trachea, posterior wall has tracheal is muscle to fill in gap between c-rings.
Carina trachea
Point at which the trachea divides into bronchi
Bronchial tree
Begins at the level of the carina, gets smaller as it progresses in to lungs.
Mainstem bronchi
Right bronchus is larger in diameter and straighter than the left because it is connected to the larger lung, but the left is twice as long.
Secondary bronchi
Right lung has 3, they extend into the lobes of the lungs
Tertiary bronchi
Smaller passageways extending into the bronchioles
Bronchioles
Final division of the bronchi, 1 mm or less in diameter.
Terminal bronchioles
Termination of the bronchial tree
Respiratory bronchioles
No cartilage, increase in bronchial muscle tissue, and contains terminal bronchioles in alveolar duct.
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
2 parts of the alveoli
Alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.
Asthma
The swelling that occurs in the bronchioles causing a decrease in diameter or the bronchial branches.
Emphysema
The breakdown of the lung in which the alveoli that promote oxygen exchange between the air sac and the blood stream are destroyed.
Lungs
Composed of tissue having a light, porous, and spongy texture, highly elastic, and dependent on musculature and air pressure to pump air in and out of the lungs.
Apex of the lung
They point upward and fits into a space bounded by upper ribs, sternum and vertebrae
Right lung
Has a transverse fissure and they both have oblique fissures
Mediastinum
The space that separates the lungs, this is where the heart resides.
Pericardium
Surrounds the heart and is a closed membranous sac
Mediastinal surface
Surface of each lung facing the mediastinum
Costal surface
Convex surface of lung next to ribs
Pleurae
Covering for the lung and internal organs, allows for enlargement of the thorax for inspiration.
Visceral pleural
Adheres to cover the lungs and pericardium
Parietal pleurae
Adheres firmly to the thorax, and includes mediastinal and diaphramatic pleurae
3 parts of pleurae’s interaction
Reduces surface tension, provides slippery interface between lungs and the thoracic wall, and the presence of surfactant keeps the sheets from clinging together.
Pleurisy
A condition in which there is an increase of fluid in the plural cavity that causes inflammation and causes extreme pain during breathing.
Pneumothorax
Is the puncture of the lungs pleural lining which results in a collapse of the lung, and means if one collapses the other may stay the same.
Atelectasis
Is the collapse of a lung or part of it.
