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Bio honor > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What two forms of matter formed right after the big bang approximately 13.7 billion years ago?

A

Quarks and electrons

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2
Q

What formed protons and neutrons?

A

Quarks formed protons and neutrons

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3
Q

What is our star made mostly of?

A

Our star is mostly made out of hydrogen

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4
Q

What reaction combines atoms to make bigger atoms in stars?

A

The reaction that combines atoms to make bigger atoms in stars is nuclear fusion.

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5
Q

What is the maximum sized atom that can be made in a star before it collapses?

A

The maximum sized atom that can be made in a star is iron.

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6
Q

What is the origin of all the other atoms?

A

The origin in all other atoms is the big bang

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7
Q

What are the 4 most common elements in living organisms? (over 90%)

A

The four most common elements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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8
Q

What does the atomic number tell you about the atom?

A

It tells you the number of protons in the nuclei

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9
Q

How do you know how many electrons an atom has?

A

You have to look at its atomic number

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10
Q

How does the atomic mass tell you how many neutrons are in the atom?

A

It represents the sum of protons and neutrons.

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11
Q

What is in the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom

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12
Q

How many electrons max can be held in the first orbital around the nucleus? The second? The third?

A

The first orbital can hold 2, the second orbital can hold 8, and the third orbital can hold 18.

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13
Q

Why do bonds form?

A

It allows them to reach the most stable state they can get.

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14
Q

Why do ions form?

A

Ions form when an atom loses or gains electrons.

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15
Q

What kind of bonds form between two ions?

A

Ionic bonds form between 2 ions

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16
Q

What type of bond forms when the electrons are being shared?

A

Covalent bonds happen when electrons are shared

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17
Q

What 4 atoms make 1, 2, 3, 4 covalent bonds?

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

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18
Q

Why is water considered a polar molecule?

A

It is considered a polar molecule because of the uneven distribution of the electrons

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19
Q

What are the bonds between water molecules called?

A

They are called hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

Distinguish cohesion from adhesion.

A

Cohesion is two of the same molecule forming bonds while adhesion is two different molecules forming bonds.

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21
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the process where plants release water into the atmosphere

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22
Q

Why does ice float?

A

It floats because it is less dense than water

23
Q

What does it take so much energy to heat water?

A

It takes so much energy because we need to break the hydrogen bonds

24
Q

What is the percentage of water in a human body?

A

70% is the percentage of water in a human body

25
Q

Why does water have such a high heat of vaporization?

A

It’s because they have to break the strong hydrogen bonds

26
Q

What is the solute and solvent in ocean water?

A

Water is the solvent and salt is the solute

27
Q

What are the two ions of water?

A

Oxygen- and hydrogen +

28
Q

Which one is usually measured? Hydrogen+ or Oxygen-

A

Hydrogen +

29
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is, ranging from 0 to 14, with a pH of 7 considered neutral; a pH less than 7 indicates an acid, while a pH greater than 7 indicates a base

30
Q

What do we call chemicals that can resist pH change?

A

We call them buffers

31
Q

What is the pH range in human blood?

A

Although the pH of blood ranges from 7.35-7.45, the pH levels drop below 6.9, it can lead to coma.

32
Q

What pH buffers do we have in our body?

A

The primary pH buffer system in the human body is the bicarbonate buffer system

33
Q

How does fast breathing affect the pH of your blood?

A

Rapid breathing can raise your blood pH by causing you to exhale too much carbon dioxide, which is known as respiratory alkalosis.

34
Q

What is the pH of your stomach?

A

It is between 1.5 and 3.5

35
Q

Why do people take TUMS?

A

People take TUMS because it’s an antacid that neutralizes stomach acid to treat heartburn, indigestion, and upset stomach.

36
Q

In general, foods are normally considered acidic, neutral or basic?

A

Foods are mainly considered acidic

37
Q

Why is the ocean acidifying?

A

The ocean is acidifying because it absorbs large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

38
Q

How does acid rain affect forests?

A

Acid rain that seeps into the ground can dissolve nutrients, such as magnesium and calcium, that trees need to be healthy.

39
Q

Why is carbon the central atom in organic molecules?

A

Carbon is the central atom in organic molecules because it has the unique ability to form four covalent bonds with other atoms

40
Q

What atom most commonly bonds with carbon chains?

A

The atom that most commonly bonds with carbon chains is hydrogen

41
Q

Why are certain atoms called functional groups?

A

They are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a molecule

42
Q

Distinguish monomer from polymer.

A

Monomers are simple molecules that are the building blocks of polymers, which are large molecules made up of many monomers

43
Q

What reaction bonds monomers?

A

Dehydration bonds monomers

44
Q

What reaction splits polymers?

A

The reaction that breaks down polymers is called hydrolysis

45
Q

What is the energy in kcal/g for carbohydrates, proteins and fats?

A

Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram, protein provides 4 calories per gram, and fat provides 9 calories per gram.

46
Q

free question yay

A

:)

47
Q

Which reaction do our digestive enzymes use?

A

Digestive enzymes primarily use a hydrolysis reaction to break down food molecules into smaller components during digestion

48
Q

What are the monosaccharides of carbohydrates?

A

The monosaccharides of carbohydrates are the simplest units of sugar, including glucose, fructose, and galactose

49
Q

What are the three most common disaccharides?

A

The three most common disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose

50
Q

What are the structural polysaccharides?

A

The primary structural polysaccharide is cellulose, found in plant cell walls, while the energy storage polysaccharide in plants is starch and in animals is glycogen

51
Q

How do you test for the presence of a mono/di saccharide?

A

To test for the presence of monosaccharides or disaccharides, you can use the Barfoed’s test or Benedict’s test

52
Q

How do you test for the presence of a starch?

A

To test for the presence of starch, you can use an iodine solution, which will turn blue-black when it reacts with starch

53
Q

Explain the symbiosis between fruits and animals.

A

Some plants depend on animals to help spread their seed.

54
Q

Why can we thank plants for our amazing color vision?

A

Color can even be an indicator of plant nutrition and overall plant health.

Bio honor (4 decks)

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