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Bio honor > photosynthesis(unit 5) > Flashcards

photosynthesis(unit 5) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Write out the equation for photosynthesis.

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

Where in the plant (or algal) cell does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplasts

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3
Q

What is the pigment that makes leaves look (reflect) green?

A

Chlorophyll

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4
Q

How many different types of chlorophyll exist in nature?

A

5 but the main ones are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b involved in photosynthesis

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5
Q

What is the metal in the middle of the chlorophyll molecule?

A

Magnesium

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6
Q

What 2 colors of visible light are absorbed by the pigment?

A

Blue and red

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7
Q

Besides chlorophyll, what are the accessory pigments? Why do plants need accessory pigments?

A

Accessory pigments: Xanthophyll and Carotene. They need these to broaden the range of light wavelengths they can use for photosynthesis.

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8
Q

Why do leaves on certain trees turn yellow in the fall?

A

Due to the breakdown of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll production slows down, and other pigments like Carotene and Xanthophyll become more visible.

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9
Q

What pigment is red/purple in a leaf? What is its function?

A

Anthocyanin. Used for protection from UV radiation.

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10
Q

Describe, in molecular terms, why you need to get carotenoids in your diet.

A

For vision, carotenoids cut in half into Vitamin A, which oxidizes to retinal (purple pigment in eye).

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11
Q

What cells in your eye give you color vision? What colors do they absorb?

A

Cone cells. Blue, green, red.

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12
Q

Light dependent reaction: Where does it take place in the chloroplast?

A

Thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.

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13
Q

What does light excite in the chlorophyll molecule?

A

Electrons

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14
Q

What is the color of the fluorescence if the excited electron falls back into the hole?

A

Red/Orange

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15
Q

What do we call the next photosystem the excited electron goes to?

A

Photosystem II to Photosystem I

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16
Q

What is the name of the electron carrier?

A

NADPH

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17
Q

Which photosystem will split water to fill the hole left by the excited electron?

A

Photosystem II

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18
Q

What is the waste product of the splitting of water?

A

Oxygen

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19
Q

The electron is used to pump the hydrogens across what membrane?

A

Thylakoid membrane

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20
Q

What enzyme uses the hydrogen gradient to make ATP? Where is it located?

A

ATP synthase. Thylakoid membrane.

21
Q

Which product of the light dependent reaction is a toxic waste product to the plant?

A

Oxygen

22
Q

What are the two ‘energy’ molecules produced?

A

ATP and NADPH

23
Q

Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

Stroma

24
Q

What are some other names for the Calvin cycle?

A

C3 Pathway, Dark Reaction/Light-Independent Reaction, Carbon-Fixing reaction.

25
Q

Why is the Calvin cycle called a cycle? What is the 5 carbon sugar it starts and ends with?

A

It starts and ends with a five-carbon sugar called RuBP.

26
Q

What is the famous enzyme that combines the gas and the 5 carbon sugar?

A

RuBisCO

27
Q

What energy molecule is used to split the 6 carbon molecule to two 3 carbon molecules?

A

ATP

28
Q

What molecule is used to reduce the 3 carbon (acid)?

A

NADPH

29
Q

What molecule comes out of the cycle and forms the basis of all organic molecules? How many carbons is it?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). 3 carbons.

30
Q

What energy molecule is used to regenerate the 5 carbon sugar?

A

ATP

31
Q

How many molecules that come out of the Calvin cycle are used to make one glucose molecule?

A

Two molecules of G3P

32
Q

Why do plants make sucrose (disaccharide, aka table sugar)?

A

For Energy Transport - main.

33
Q

What is the polysaccharide used for structural purposes in plants? Where is it found?

A

Cellulose, found in the plant cell.

34
Q

What is the stored energy molecule called?

A

Starch

35
Q

How is a solar panel like a leaf?

A

They both harness energy and have large surface for efficiency.

36
Q

What time of day is the most sunlight hitting us?

A

Solar noon around 12 pm.

37
Q

What direction are you facing if you are looking directly at the sun at solar noon?

A

South in Northern hemisphere, North in Southern hemisphere.

38
Q

What are some adaptations of plants to maximize sunlight absorption for their leaves?

A

Maximize surface area for most amount of energy, stomata regulation, leaves follow sun.

39
Q

What is the current CO2 concentration in the atmosphere?

A

425.26 ppm (0.0425%)

40
Q

When was the Great Oxidation Event? What does that tell us?

A

Over 2 billion years ago. Photosynthesis started.

41
Q

What endosymbiosis came first: engulfing a mitochondria or cyanobacteria? Explain.

A

Engulfing of mitochondria around 2 billion years ago, followed by cyanobacteria around 600 million years ago.

42
Q

If an alien was looking for carbon based life, what planet would they visit first: Mars or Earth? Explain why.

A

Earth because it contains significant amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide, gases needed for living organisms.

43
Q

Stomata: The hole in the leaf allows what gas used for photosynthesis to enter?

A

Carbon Dioxide

44
Q

What cells control the opening and closing of the stomata? How do they open in the light?

A

Guard cells. Light activation triggers proton pumps, leading to water influx and turgor pressure.

45
Q

Stomata: The hole in the leaf allows what toxic gas (to the plant) to exit? What precious vapor is also lost when the stomata is open?

A

Oxygen and Water vapor.

46
Q

Would you expect to find more or fewer stomata on the bottom side of the leaf? Explain why.

A

More stomata on the bottom side to reduce water vapor loss.

47
Q

How do desert adapted plants avoid losing too much water through the stomata?

A

Carbon dioxide to malic acid, reduce number of stomata, close stomata during hottest parts of day.

48
Q

Why are C4 plants (grasses) more efficient at making sugars than C3 plants?

A

Minimize photorespiration, efficient carbon fixation, water use efficiency, higher photosynthetic rates.

Bio honor (4 decks)

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