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AP Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

function of nucleus

A
  • stores DNA
  • acts as control center for growth and metabolism
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2
Q

function of mitochondria

A
  • generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions
  • energy production
    -powerhouse of the cell
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3
Q

function of smooth ER

A
  • lipid production
  • detoxification
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4
Q

function of rough ER

A
  • synthesize and process proteins using ribosomes attached to it
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5
Q

function of the Golgi apparatus

A
  • processing + packaging center of the cell
  • proteins received from the ER
  • then further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion
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6
Q

function of the flagella

A
  • assist the cell in movement around the cell
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7
Q

function of cilia

A
  • move fluid or particles across the cell surface by their rhythmic back-and-forth motion
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8
Q

function of ribosomes

A
  • makes protein by translating the genetic code from mRNA into chains of amino acids which then fold to make proteins
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9
Q

function of the chloroplast

A
  • carry out photosynthesis to produce energy
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10
Q

function of the lysosomes

A

-the cell’s “digestive system”
- breaking down waste materials by the digestive enzymes that it contains

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11
Q

function of the vacuole

A
  • store nutrients and water on which a cell can rely for its survival
  • helping to maintain cell shape and turgor pressure, particularly in plant cells
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12
Q

function of the vesicle

A
  • helps transport materials
  • recycle waste materials
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13
Q

function of cell wall

A
  • structural support, shape, protection, and functions as a selective barrier
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14
Q

function of the cell membrane

A
  • controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell by regulating which molecules can pass through
  • protecting the cell’s internal environment while allowing necessary nutrients to enter and waste products to exi
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15
Q

Why is it important for materials to diffuse into/out of the cell efficiently?

A
  • allows the cell to acquire necessary nutrients like oxygen and glucose, remove waste products
  • in order to function, cells are required to move materials in and out of their cytoplasm via their cell membranes
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16
Q

Why do smaller cells have more efficient diffusion?

A
  • they have higher surface area to volume ratio
  • relative to their volume, they have more membrane surface area available for substances to move across, allowing for faster and more efficient uptake of nutrients and removal of waste products through diffusion
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17
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid. Explain why phospholipids naturally form a bilayer when in water.

A

phospholipd made up of hydrohpilic (polar) heads - lie on the exterior of the bilyer
hydrophobic (non-polar) tails - lie on the interior of bilayer
heads will intereact with water as they are “water-loving”, oppsote for the tails

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18
Q

function of integral proteins in mosaic model

A
  • transporting larger molecules, like glucose, across the cell membrane
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19
Q

function of peripheral proteins in mosaic model

A
  • conduct and help maintain the cytoskeleton of the cell
20
Q

function of cholesterol in mosaic model

A
  • acts as a “buffer” to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane by preventing phospholipids from packing too tightly together at low temperatures and by limiting their excessive movement at high temperatures
21
Q

function of phospholipids in mosaic model

A

primary structural component, forming a bilayer that serves as the basic framework of the cell membrane

22
Q

Why do we call the membrane “selectively permeable?

A
  • because it only allows certain substances to pass through,
23
Q

Which type of molecules can pass through the cell membrane without the help of a membrane protein?

A

Small, nonpolar molecules like oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
- easily dissolvable in the hydrophobic interior
- large polar molecules can not - like glucose

24
Q

Explain why plant and animal cells react differently when they are placed in hypotonic solutions. (plant)

A

plant cells have a rigid cell wall, which prevents them from bursting when they take in water from the solution

25
Q

Explain why plant and animal cells react differently when they are placed in hypotonic solutions. (animals)

A

animal cells lack this cell wall and will swell until they break in a hypotonic environment

26
Q

How can we determine if a transport mechanism is active or passive?

A
  • active: : if the transport process needs energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient
  • forcefully moving ions from low to high concentrations
  • passive: if no energy is required and molecules move down their concentration gradient
  • facilitated and simple disunions are examples of passive transport
  • passives moves substances from low to high
27
Q

What’s the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

A
  • simple: involves the movement of molecules directly across a membrane without the help of any protein channels
  • goes from high concentration to low concentration
  • facilitated: requires the assistance of specific transport proteins embedded in the membrane to move molecules across
  • channel and carrier proteins –> types of integrl proteins
28
Q

How does the sodium potassium pump create membrane potential?

A
  • actively transporting three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions it brings in
  • more positive ions out than it bring in
    - this causes an electric imbalance across membrane
29
Q

What’s the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes:
- membrane-bound organelles (such as the nucleus and mitochondria)
- DNA in nucleus
- generally larger and more complex
Prokaryotes:
- lack nucleus, don’t have any membrane bound organelles
- DNA in cytoplasm

30
Q

will water move from a concentration with low solute to high or high to low

A

it will move from low to high because more solute potential means less water potential
low solute potential means high water potential

31
Q

what does hypotonic mean

A

the surrounding solution has more water and less solute (i.e. higher WP) than the cell, water will move into the cell

32
Q

what does isotonic mean

A

the surrounding solution has concentrations of water and solute that are equal to the cell (i.e. equal WP)

33
Q

what does hypertonic mean

A

the surrounding solution has less water and more solute (i.e. lower WP) than the cell
- hyper means more

34
Q

what is endocytosis

A
  • endo = internal, cytosis = transport mechanism
  • cell takes in substances from its environment by engulfing them with its plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that then pinches off and moves the material inside the cell
  • type of active transport, requires energy
35
Q

types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

36
Q

what is phagocytosis

A
  • large particles, such as cells or cellular debris, are transported into the cel
  • “cell-eating”
37
Q

what is pinocytosis

A
  • the process where fluid and dissolved substances and molecules are taken up by the cell
  • “cell-drinking”
38
Q

what is exocytosis

A
  • exo = external, cytosis = transport mechanism
  • bulk transport in which large molecules are transported from inside to outside of the cell
39
Q

passive transport Is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy needed

A
40
Q

what are channel proteins

A

integral membrane proteins that allow specific molecules or ions to pass through the cell membrane

41
Q

what are carrier proteins

A

can change their shape to move a target molecule from one side of the membrane to the other.

42
Q

how are channel proteins and carrier proteins different

A
  • channel is much faster because its just a channel to transport, it doesn’t need to change shape
43
Q

two types of passive transport

A

diffusion and facilitated diffusion

44
Q

what happens as a cells surface area to volume ratio decreases

A

this happens as a cells volume increases and this makes the exchange of molecules and substances less efficient

45
Q
A

AP Biology (3 decks)

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