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AP Biology > Unit 0 > Flashcards

Unit 0 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a ionic bond

A

if a bond is made from a metal and non-metal, the electronegativity difference is going to be higher making it an ionic bond
- complete transfer of one or more of valence electrons to another atom

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2
Q

how do the charges work

A

the element that gains electrons is negatively charged
- element that looses an electron is positively charged

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3
Q

what is a covalent bond

A
  • compound made from two metals
  • formed when electrons are shared between atoms
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4
Q

what makes a covalent bond polar

A
  • when there is an uneven distribution of electrons in a molecule
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5
Q

what makes a covalent bond non-polar

A
  • when electrons are shared equally between atoms
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6
Q

what are hydrogen bonds

A
  • attractive forces between the negative end of one molecule and the positive end of another
  • usually between 1. positively charged H and 2. negatively charged N, O, or Fl
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7
Q

what is cohesion

A

water molecules sticking together by hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

what is the strongest bond

A

covalent bonds

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9
Q

what is the weakest bond

A

hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

what is adhesion

A

water molecules sticking to other substances and surfaces

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11
Q

what makes a solution acidic

A

if it has a lot of hydrogen ions (H+).
- acid released in water releases
- pH below 7

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12
Q

what are polymers

A
  • chains of building block in macromolecules
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13
Q

what are the macromolecules

A
  • lipids
  • carbs
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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13
Q

what makes a solution basic

A

-no many hydrogen ions
- bases related in water release hydroxide ions (OH-), less H+
-pH above 7

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14
Q

what are monomers

A

individual building blocks of a polymer

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15
Q

how is a polymer formed

A

through dehydration synthesis, monomers being added together

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16
Q

what is dehydration synthesis

A

two glucose molecules are joined to make maltose while loosing an OH and H which is water

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17
Q

how can polymers become monomers again

A

through hydrolysis

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18
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

deforms the polymer so that the OH and H can be added back on resulting in two separate glucose molecules, monomers
-reverse of dehydration synthesis

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19
Q

what do mono, d, and polysaccharides stand for

A

saccharide is means sugar and the prefix before it is the # of sugars in the molecule

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20
Q

what is the bond called that links two monosaccharides

A

glycosidic linkage

21
Q

types of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose

22
Q

types of disaccharides

A

sucrose, maltose

23
Q

types of polysaccharides

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen

24
Q

what are glycogen and starch

A
  • sugar storage molecules
  • glycogen stores sugar in animals
  • starch stores sugar in plants
25
Q

what is cellulose

A

major part of the cell walls in plants. Its function is to lend structural support.

26
Q

what are the four important parts of a protein around a central carbon

A

An amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), a hydrogen, and an R-group.

27
Q

what is it called when two amino acids join

A

dipeptide

28
Q

what are the common lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

29
Q

what makes a fatty acid saturated

A
  • carboxyl group
  • straight line structure
  • all H atoms fit on the carbon chain
30
Q

what makes a fatty acid unsaturated

A
  • carboxyl group
  • does not fully saturated with all possible hydrogens. As a result it will have double bonds to satisfy the carbon atoms need to have four bonds
  • double bond causes kink in structure
31
Q

what is a phospholipid made up of

A

two fatty acid “tails” and one negatively charged phosphate “head”.

32
Q

are the tails polar or non-polar

A

non-polar

33
Q

are the heads polar or non-polar

A

polar, hydrophilic

34
Q

what are steroids

A
  • lipids with 4 carbon rings
35
Q

cholesterol is what and helps with what

A
  • four ringed steroid and helps increase membrane fluidity, except at very high temperature
36
Q

what are nucleic acids made up of

A

nucleotides

37
Q

what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide

A
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogen base (A, G, U, T, C)
  • 5 carbon sugar
38
Q

how can you tell if an amino acid is polar or non-polar from its structure

A

Polar:
- if side chain contains electronegative atoms like nitrogen, oxygen
- or it already has a charge
Non-Polar:
- side chain primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen chains

39
Q

what are the two types of nitrogen bases

A

1) pyrimidines
2) purines

40
Q

how can you tell pyrimidines

A

they have one carbon ring

41
Q

what are the pyrimidine bases

A

thymine, cytosine, uracil

42
Q

how can you tell purines

A

2 carbon rings

43
Q

what are the purine bases

A

adenine and guanine

44
Q

what are positive controls

A

the group where results are expected, they receive a treatment with a known result

45
Q

what are negative controls

A

a group in an experiment that does not receive any type of treatment and, therefore, should not show any change during the experiment
- you know nothing should happen

46
Q
A
47
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A
  • string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
  • amino acids are the letters in the alphabet and the primary structure are the words that are formed using the amino acids
48
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein

A
  • hydrogen bonds cause the amino chain to fold or coil
    Alpha helix: spiral pattern
    Beta sheets: pleated pattern
49
Q

tertiary structure of amino acids

A

three-dimensional structure of proteins

50
Q

quarternary structure of amino acids

A

the three-dimensional structures combine to make one big one

AP Biology (3 decks)

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