Unit 0

Question 1

what is a ionic bond

Answer 1

if a bond is made from a metal and non-metal, the electronegativity difference is going to be higher making it an ionic bond
- complete transfer of one or more of valence electrons to another atom

Question 2

how do the charges work

Answer 2

the element that gains electrons is negatively charged
- element that looses an electron is positively charged

Question 3

what is a covalent bond

Answer 3

• compound made from two metals
• formed when electrons are shared between atoms

Question 4

what makes a covalent bond polar

Answer 4

• when there is an uneven distribution of electrons in a molecule

Question 5

what makes a covalent bond non-polar

Answer 5

• when electrons are shared equally between atoms

Question 6

what are hydrogen bonds

Answer 6

• attractive forces between the negative end of one molecule and the positive end of another
• usually between 1. positively charged H and 2. negatively charged N, O, or Fl

Question 7

what is cohesion

Answer 7

water molecules sticking together by hydrogen bonds

Question 8

what is the strongest bond

Answer 8

covalent bonds

Question 9

what is the weakest bond

Answer 9

hydrogen bonds

Question 10

what is adhesion

Answer 10

water molecules sticking to other substances and surfaces

Question 11

what makes a solution acidic

Answer 11

if it has a lot of hydrogen ions (H+).
- acid released in water releases
- pH below 7

Question 12

what are polymers

Answer 12

• chains of building block in macromolecules

Question 13

what are the macromolecules

Answer 13

• lipids
• carbs
• proteins
• nucleic acids

Question 13

what makes a solution basic

Answer 13

-no many hydrogen ions
- bases related in water release hydroxide ions (OH-), less H+
-pH above 7

Question 14

what are monomers

Answer 14

individual building blocks of a polymer

Question 15

how is a polymer formed

Answer 15

through dehydration synthesis, monomers being added together

Question 16

what is dehydration synthesis

Answer 16

two glucose molecules are joined to make maltose while loosing an OH and H which is water

Question 17

how can polymers become monomers again

Answer 17

through hydrolysis

Question 18

what is hydrolysis

Answer 18

deforms the polymer so that the OH and H can be added back on resulting in two separate glucose molecules, monomers
-reverse of dehydration synthesis

Question 19

what do mono, d, and polysaccharides stand for

Answer 19

saccharide is means sugar and the prefix before it is the # of sugars in the molecule

Question 20

what is the bond called that links two monosaccharides

Answer 20

glycosidic linkage

Question 21

types of monosaccharides

Answer 21

glucose, fructose

Question 22

types of disaccharides

Answer 22

sucrose, maltose

Question 23

types of polysaccharides

Answer 23

starch, cellulose, glycogen

Question 24

what are glycogen and starch

Answer 24

- sugar storage molecules - glycogen stores sugar in animals - starch stores sugar in plants

Question 25

what is cellulose

Answer 25

major part of the cell walls in plants. Its function is to lend structural support.

Question 26

what are the four important parts of a protein around a central carbon

Answer 26

An amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), a hydrogen, and an R-group.

Question 27

what is it called when two amino acids join

Answer 27

dipeptide

Question 28

what are the common lipids

Answer 28

triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

Question 29

what makes a fatty acid saturated

Answer 29

- carboxyl group - straight line structure - all H atoms fit on the carbon chain

Question 30

what makes a fatty acid unsaturated

Answer 30

- carboxyl group - does not fully saturated with all possible hydrogens. As a result it will have double bonds to satisfy the carbon atoms need to have four bonds - double bond causes kink in structure

Question 31

what is a phospholipid made up of

Answer 31

two fatty acid “tails” and one negatively charged phosphate “head”.

Question 32

are the tails polar or non-polar

Answer 32

non-polar

Question 33

are the heads polar or non-polar

Answer 33

polar, hydrophilic

Question 34

what are steroids

Answer 34

- lipids with 4 carbon rings

Question 35

cholesterol is what and helps with what

Answer 35

- four ringed steroid and helps increase membrane fluidity, except at very high temperature

Question 36

what are nucleic acids made up of

Answer 36

nucleotides

Question 37

what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide

Answer 37

- phosphate group - nitrogen base (A, G, U, T, C) - 5 carbon sugar

Question 38

how can you tell if an amino acid is polar or non-polar from its structure

Answer 38

Polar: - if side chain contains electronegative atoms like nitrogen, oxygen - or it already has a charge Non-Polar: - side chain primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen chains

Question 39

what are the two types of nitrogen bases

Answer 39

1) pyrimidines 2) purines

Question 40

how can you tell pyrimidines

Answer 40

they have one carbon ring

Question 41

what are the pyrimidine bases

Answer 41

thymine, cytosine, uracil

Question 42

how can you tell purines

Answer 42

2 carbon rings

Question 43

what are the purine bases

Answer 43

adenine and guanine

Question 44

what are positive controls

Answer 44

the group where results are expected, they receive a treatment with a known result

Question 45

what are negative controls

Answer 45

a group in an experiment that does not receive any type of treatment and, therefore, should not show any change during the experiment - you know nothing should happen

Question 47

What is the primary structure of a protein

Answer 47

- string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds - amino acids are the letters in the alphabet and the primary structure are the words that are formed using the amino acids

Question 48

What is the secondary structure of a protein

Answer 48

- hydrogen bonds cause the amino chain to fold or coil Alpha helix: spiral pattern Beta sheets: pleated pattern

Question 49

tertiary structure of amino acids

Answer 49

three-dimensional structure of proteins

Question 50

quarternary structure of amino acids

Answer 50

the three-dimensional structures combine to make one big one