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AP Biology > AP Psych - Unit 1 > Flashcards

AP Psych - Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Phrenology

A

the idea that there exists a relationship between persons head shape and their mental capacities/deficiencies

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2
Q

what is the nature-nurture issue

A

debate about the relative contributions that genes (nature) & experience (nurture) make to the development of psychological traits & behaviors

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3
Q

natural selection

A

an evolutionary process through which adaptive traits are passed on to ongoing generations because they lead animals to reproduce and survive.

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4
Q

mutation

A

random error in gene replication that leads to a change

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5
Q

Identical (monozygotic) twins

A

individuals that develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical individuals
- have 100% same genes

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6
Q

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

individuals who develop from separate fertilized eggs
- share only half their genes

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7
Q

epigenetics

A

study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression (without DNA change)
- drugs, diet, stress

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8
Q

nervous system

A

study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression (without DNA change)

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9
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of

A

brain + spinal cord

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10
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of

A

sensory & motor neurons that connect CNS to the rest of the body

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11
Q

what are nerves

A

bundles axons that form neural cables connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, & sensory organs

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12
Q

what do sensory neurons do

A

carry incoming information from body’s tissues & sensory receptors to the brain & spinal cord

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13
Q

what do motor neurons do

A

carry outgoing information from brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands (motor = muscle movement)

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14
Q

what are interneurons

A

neurons within the brain & spinal cord; communicate internally & process information between sensory inputs & motor outputs (in between sensory & motor neurons)

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15
Q

what two components make up the peripheral nervous system

A

the somatic nervous systme and autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls the body’s skeletal muscles & enables voluntary movement

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17
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary systems like glands & muscles of internal organs (such as the heart); made up of sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems

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18
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system

A

rouses the body, mobilizing its energy
- Our “fight or flight” system - accelerates heart rate, raises blood pressure

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19
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms the body, conserving energy
- Our “rest & digest” or “feed & breed” system - slows down heart rate

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20
Q

reflex

A

simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus
- No brain involvement with reflexes - all in the spinal cord

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21
Q

what are neurons

A

nerve cell; building blocks of the brain/nervous system
- Receive, process, & transmit information between body & brain

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22
Q

what makes up a neuron

A
  • cell body
  • dendrite
  • axon
  • axon terminal
  • myelin sheath
  • glial (glue) cells
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23
Q

what is cell body

A

part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; the cell’s life-support center

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24
Q

what is the dendrite

A

bushy, branchy extensions that receive & integrate messages from other neurons
- extend off cell body, & conduct messages toward cell body

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25
Q

what is the axon

A

extension that carries an electrical signal (called an action potential) & passes messages through its branches to other neurons

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26
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue layer that enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural messages

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27
Q

glial (glue) cells

A

cells in nervous system that support, nourish, & protect neurons

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28
Q

what is an action potential

A

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon & triggers release of chemical messengers to the dendrites of other neurons

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29
Q

what is resting potential

A

when a neuron is inactive, the inside Is negatively charged and outside membrane is positively charged

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30
Q

what does an excitatory neural signal mean

A

(activate a neuron, causing depolarization)

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31
Q

what does inhibitory neural signals mean

A

(stopping a neuron from activating

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32
Q

what is a threshold

A

if excitatory signals exceed inhibitory signals, depolarization may reach a neural threshold - level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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33
Q

what is the refractory period

A

brief resting pause after firing

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34
Q

what is the all-or-none response

A

neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing

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35
Q

what is a synapse

A

junction between axon tip of sending neuron (called the axon terminal or terminal button) & dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
-the junction between two neurons that allows a signal to pass between them

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36
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

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37
Q

acetylcholine

A

enables muscle action, learning, & memory

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38
Q

possible malfunctions of acetylcholine

A

with Alzheimer’s disease, ACh-producing neurons deteriorate

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39
Q

dopamine

A

influences movement, learning, attention, & emotion

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40
Q

possible malfunctions of dopamine

A

oversupply linked to schizophrenia; undersupply linked to Parkinson’s disease

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41
Q

serotonin

A

affects mood, hunger, sleep, & arousal

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42
Q

possible malfunctions of serotonin

A

undersupply linked to depression (some drugs that raise serotonin levels used to treat depression

43
Q

norepinephrine

A

helps control alertness & arousal (very similar to adrenaline)

44
Q

possible malfunctions of norepinephrine

A

oversupply linked to mania in bipolar disorder

45
Q

GABA

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitter(slow down neural transmission)

46
Q

possible malfunctions of GABA

A

undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, & insomnia

47
Q

Glutamate

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter (speeds up neural transmission); involved in memory

48
Q

possible malfunctions of glutamate

A

oversupply linked to migraines & seizures

49
Q

endorphins

A

influence the perception of pain or pleasure (“morphine-within”)
- the body’s natural pain killer

50
Q

possible malfunctions of endorphins

A

oversupply with opioid drugs can suppress the body’s natural endorphin supply

51
Q

agonist is

A

chemical that increases a neurotransmitter’s action
- ex. cocaine an agonist for dopamine

52
Q

antagonist is

A

chemical that inhibits (blocks) a neurotransmitter’s action
ex. botox paralyzes muscle

53
Q

Endocrine system is

A

body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands & fat tissue that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

54
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, & affect other tissues

55
Q

pituitary gland

A

most influential gland (also called the “master gland”); secretes growth hormones & oxytocin
- enables labor contractions, milk production

56
Q

what are psychoactive drugs

A

chemical substance that alters the brain, causing changes in perceptions & moods

57
Q

depressants

A

calm neural activity & slow body functions

58
Q

examples of depressants

A

alcohol, barbiturates, opioids
- all slow brain activity reduce judgment

59
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that excite neural activity & speed up body functions

60
Q

examples of stimulants

A

nicotine, cocaine, meth, MDMA/Molly
- heightened sense of well-being, euphoria, excitement, and alertness, and increases in motor activity

61
Q

hallucinogens

A

are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
can develop a tolerance, but most are not addictive

62
Q

examples of hallucinogens

A

LSD, marijuana/cannabis
- alter a persons perception of reality
- pain killer

63
Q

neuroplasticity is

A

brains ability to change + adapt and take on new functions

64
Q

EEG

A

electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. (shows functioning)

65
Q

CAT Scan

A

uses a series of X-ray beams passed through the head (shows structure)

66
Q

PET Scan

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task. (shows function)

67
Q

fMRI

A

produces images while performing a task (reciting alphabet) **(shows structure and function)

68
Q

MRI

A

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue (shows structure)

69
Q

Three parts of the brain

A

Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

70
Q

what does the hindbrain consist of

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

71
Q

what is the function of the hindbrain

A

directs essential survival functions

72
Q

what does the midbrain consist of

A

connects hindbrain to forebrain

73
Q

what is the function of the midbrain

A

controls some motor movement + transmits auditory and visual information

74
Q

what does the forebrain consist of

A

cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus

75
Q

what is the function of the forebrain

A

manages complex cognitive abilities

76
Q

Medulla is

A

the base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing.

77
Q

reticular formation is

A

nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling alertness.

78
Q

thalamus is

A

the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
- directs messages to the sensory coretx

79
Q

Basal Ganglia Pons are

A

functions as a bridge between regions and plays a role in sleep and arousal.

80
Q

cerebellum

A
  • “little brain” attached to the rear of the hindbrain
  • coordinate voluntary movements and balance. (two ll’s in name- think of as balance beams)
  • It also plays a role in the formation of procedural memories (implicit or procedural memories, EX. riding a bike)
81
Q

Limbic System is

A

neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex

82
Q

Amygdala is

A

two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to emotion of fear and anger.

83
Q

Hypothalamus is

A
  • lies below (hypo) the thalamus;
  • directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp)
84
Q

Hippocampus is

A

a structure in the limbic system which is responsible for the formation of most new memories (explicit memories, EX. facts)

85
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • makes up 85%. of the brain
    Topmost layer of the brain
86
Q

cerebral cortex

A

Thin gray-matter covering of the cerebrum; carries on thinking and perceiving

87
Q

frontal lobes

A

Concerned with reasoning, planning, parts of speech and movement (motor cortex), emotions, and problem-solving.

88
Q

temporal lobes

A

Concerned with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing) and memory (hippocampus).

89
Q

parietal lobes

A

Concerned with perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature and pain.

90
Q

occipital lobes

A

Located at the back of the brain, behind the parietal lobe and temporal lobe. Concerned with many aspects of vision.

91
Q

motor cortex

A

area at the rear of the frontal lobes controls voluntary movements.

92
Q

sensory cortex

A

receives information from skin surface and sense organs.

93
Q

Aphasia

A

an impairment of language

94
Q

brocas area

A

controls the physical activity of speaking

95
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

controls language comprehension

96
Q

Corpus callosum

A

thick bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres, allowing communication

97
Q

split brain patients

A

With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.

98
Q

depolarization

A

When positive ions enter the neuron, making it more susceptible to fire an action potential.

99
Q

hyper polarization

A

When negative ions enter the neuron making it less susceptible to fire.

100
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

secretes insulin and regulates blood sugar.

101
Q

where is the limbic system

A

in the forebrain

102
Q

what does the limbic system consist of

A

amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus,

103
Q
A

AP Biology (3 decks)

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