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IB History > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the Portuguese explorers?

A

Prince Henry the Navigator, Dias, and de Gama

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2
Q

What new world land did Portugal claim?

A

Brazil

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3
Q

Who discovered Brazil?

A

Cabral

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4
Q

Describe Spains status in 1492

A

-wealthy
-unified under Ferdinand and Isabella’s Reconquista

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5
Q

How many voyages did Columbus make to the West Indies?

A

4 voyages

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6
Q

What did Columbus want?

A

GOLD

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7
Q

Who led the first circumnavigation for Spain and when?

A

Ferdinand Magellan in 1519

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8
Q

What did Cortes do?

A

Overthrew Aztecs in 1520

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9
Q

What did Pizarro do?

A

Overthrew Incas in 1531

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10
Q

What edges did Cortes and Pizarro have?

A

-superior weaponry
-epidemics
-native alliances
-lucky timing

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11
Q

Requerimiento

A

declaration of Spanish sovereignty over the natives and the land

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12
Q

What New land did the Spanish have?

A
  • West Indies (Columbus)
  • Latin America
    -South America (except Brazil)
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13
Q

Who discovered the Pacific Ocean for Spain?

A

Vasco Nunez Balboa

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14
Q

Who discovered the grand Canyon for Spain?

A

Francisco Coronado

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15
Q

Who discovered Florida for Spain?

A

Juan Ponce de Leon

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16
Q

Who discovered South East USA for Spain?

A

Hernando de Soto

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17
Q

viceroyalty

A

A system where the Spanish King owned all land rights but had representatives to help him. Consisted of viceroy, governors, audiencias, and treasury officials

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18
Q

Viceroy

A

chief representative for the king

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19
Q

Spanish governors were appointed in each _________.

A

province

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20
Q

Audiencias

A

Justice administers

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21
Q

Peninsulares

A

Spaniards born in Spain

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22
Q

Creoles

A

Born outside Spain to Spanish parents

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23
Q

Mestizos

A

1 Spanish parent/1 Indian parent

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24
Q

Mulattoes

A

1 Spanish parent/1 African parent

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25
Q

By 1640, how many Spanish settlers were there?

A

160k Spanish Settlers

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26
Q

What mother country built Cathedrals and universities?

A

Spain

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27
Q

Where were the Spanish originally clustered in?

A

Mexico and Peru

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28
Q

What was St. Augustine, FL

A

Spanish Fort that was built in 1565 to protect interests in the Caribbean.

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29
Q

What was Battle of Acoma?

A

Spanish cruelty to the Pueblos in 1599. It established Santa Fe in 1610.

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30
Q

What did the Spanish do due to little wealth in New Mexico?

A

They focused on converting the Natives and suppressing Pueblo customs.

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31
Q

What was Pope’s Rebellio?

A

Pueblos razed catholic churches and killed Spaniards in 1680.

32
Q

When did the Spanish settle in Texas and California?

A

18th century

33
Q

Where did the Spanish work the natives the most?

A
  • Silver mines
  • Haciendas (plantations) -usually sugar
34
Q

Mita (Reoartimiento)

A

Inca practice of compulsory annual labor was adopted by the Spanish

35
Q

Endomienda

A

Indians are part of the land.

36
Q

What laws were passed to prevent Spanish cruelty?

A

Laws of Burgos and New Laws of the Indies

37
Q

How did the Spanish respond to the New Laws?

A

Bad they didn’t follow them and rallied.

38
Q

Who advocated for better treatment of indigenous peoples and criticized the Spanish?

A

Bartolome de las Casas

39
Q

Who argued for harming the Natives in New Spain?

40
Q

What caused the need for African Slaves?

A

Devastation of indigenous populations while need for labor grows

41
Q

What becomes the New world currency?

A

Silver (pieces of eight)

42
Q

What do Spain and Portugal do with vast riches?

A

Finance wars and compete.

43
Q

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?

A

New World divided up for Spain and Portugal by Papal decree

44
Q

How does England fight against Spain at sea?

45
Q

How did France respond to the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A

Argues first to establish permanent settlements get to claim land, not papal decree

46
Q

What is the biggest consequence of European exploration?

A

Columbian exchange

47
Q

What was the Black Legend?

A

Biases reporting of Spanish atrocities by English Europeans to justify their own claims to the New World.

48
Q

Who created Black Legend?

A

Hakluyt and de Bry

49
Q

What English explorer explored the coastline?

A

John Cabot sent by Henry VII in 1497

50
Q

What delayed the English in their colonization efforts?

A

Religious confict (Henry VIII cut ties with catholic church) - Catholics vs Protestands - Succession issues

51
Q

How did Elizabeth I put England in a golden era?

A
  • Spread of Protestantism
  • Wealth plunder Spanish ships and Settlements
52
Q

Who was the famous English pirate?

A

Sir Francis Drake

53
Q

Who established Roanoke and was it a success?

A

Sir Walter Raleigh did in 1585 but it vanished by 1591

54
Q

How did English weaken the Spanish?

A

England ships defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, weakening their naval dominance and imperial superiority

55
Q

What were some other factors leading to English colonization?

A
  • overpopulation in England
    -Primogeniture (eldest son get nothin)
    -Joint stock companies (investor pools)
56
Q

What were the issues with Jamestown (1607)?

A
  • 100 settlers mostly gentlemen
  • focus on finding riches
    -hostile with Powhatan
57
Q

what was John Smith famous for?

A

Saying “He who dont work, dont eat”

58
Q

What happened in Jamestown winter of 1609-10?

A

Starving time with cannibalism

59
Q

What did Lord De Law Warr do?

A

Forced Jamestown colonists to stay. Established strong military law

60
Q

What and when was the Powhatan uprising?

A

1/4 va colonies killed in 1622.

61
Q

Who were the Pilgrims and what did the do?

A
  • family units, ill equipped, poorly supplied people that arrived in Massachusetts in 1620. Created New Englad
62
Q

How did New England and Wampanoags first get along?

A

Edward Winslow and Leader Massasoit make alliance.

63
Q

What causes tension and war between Pilgrims and Wampanoags?

A
  • english grow in numbers
  • praying towns to christianize natives
64
Q

What was the reuslt of King Philip’s War?

A
  • many english killed
  • metacom killed 1676
    ultimately English dominate New England
65
Q

Why was France delayed in New World ventures?

A

Religious discord (protestant Huguenots vs roman catholics)

66
Q

Who did France blossom under?

A

Sun King Louis XIV

67
Q

Why was France initially unsuccessful in Colonizing New World?

A

Conflicts with Spain and Portugal drove them north.

68
Q

Who was Samuel de Champlain and what did he do?

A

Father of New France, established Quebec

69
Q

Who did France ally with?

A

The Hurons, they fought wars together and worked on beaver trade

70
Q

Who made up the French population?

A

male fur trades and Jesuit missionaries (peaceful catholics)

71
Q

Who were the King’s Daughters?

A

unwanted women sent to New France to increase population

72
Q

Where did France extend their landholdings?

A

Inwards.

-Detroit 1701
-Louisiana 1682 (robert la salle)
-New Orleans 1718

73
Q

What did France have control of that was very profitable?

A

Mississippi

74
Q

What war occurred in the 18th century between France and England?

A

The French and Indian war (aka Seven Years War)

IB History (10 decks)

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