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IB History > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

What are Mestizos?

A

Offspring of Europeans and native peoples.

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2
Q

Who were the Aztecs?

A

Indigenous Central Mexican people conquered by Spain in the 16th century.

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3
Q

Who were the Inca?

A

Indigenous Peruvian people whose empire stretched from Ecuador to Chile before the Spanish conquest.

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4
Q

What was the Mexican Revolution (1910–20)?

A

A revolt against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, which evolved into a struggle between several Mexican groups.

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5
Q

What is Indigenismo?

A

A Latin American movement that revered indigenous culture as a source of national values.

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6
Q

What is the Radical Left?

A

Groups like Communists and militant labor unionists seeking revolutionary change.

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7
Q

What is Liberation Theology?

A

A movement within the Catholic Church advocating for social change and aiding the poor.

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8
Q

What does Pink Tide refer to?

A

The wave of left-wing governments elected in Latin America at the end of the 20th century.

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9
Q

What is Agrarian Reform?

A

Redistribution of land to address inequality, particularly among indigenous populations.

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10
Q

What is a Scorched-Earth Campaign?

A

Military strategy involving the destruction of crops and resources to deny them to the enemy.

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11
Q

What is Globalization?

A

The increasing internationalization of economies, finance, trade, and communications.

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12
Q

What is Neoliberalism?

A

An economic system promoting free trade and reducing government intervention to address inequality.

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13
Q

What is Quechua?

A

A member or language of an indigenous group in Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Chile.

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14
Q

What is UCEZ?

A

A Mexican organization defending indigenous property and cultural traditions.

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15
Q

What is Sendero Luminoso?

A

A guerrilla organization in Peru promoting violent land reform tactics.

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16
Q

Who is Subcomandante Marcos?

A

A leader of the Chiapas rebellion in Mexico advocating for indigenous rights.

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17
Q

Who is Rigoberta Menchú?

A

A Nobel Peace Prize-winning Guatemalan activist for indigenous rights.

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18
Q

What is a Reservation?

A

An area of land set aside for Native American tribes in the 19th century.

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19
Q

What is the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)?

A

A federal agency responsible for Native American affairs.

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20
Q

Who are the Pueblo?

A

A Native American tribe from the western United States.

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21
Q

What is Termination?

A

A US policy aimed at ending federal recognition of Native American tribes and dismantling reservations.

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22
Q

What is Relocation?

A

A federal program that encouraged Native Americans to move from reservations to urban areas.

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23
Q

What is Uncle Tomahawk?

A

A derogatory term for Native Americans seen as overly deferential to whites.

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24
Q

What are Survival schools?

A

Educational institutions controlled by Native Americans under the 1972 Indian Education Act.

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25
Q

What is the American Indian Movement (AIM)?

A

A militant Native American rights organization founded in 1968.

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26
Q

What is a Fish-in?

A

A protest tactic used by Native Americans to assert fishing rights granted by treaties.

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27
Q

What is the Trail of Broken Treaties?

A

A 1972 protest march highlighting violations of treaties with Native Americans.

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28
Q

What is the Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)?

A

Legislation restoring legal rights to Native tribes and increasing self-governance.

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29
Q

What is the Indian Education Act (1972)?

A

Law increasing Native American control over education.

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30
Q

What is the Indian Claims Commission?

A

A federal body established to address past land claims by Native Americans.

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31
Q

What is Indian title?

A

Legal recognition of indigenous land rights based on historical occupancy.

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32
Q

Who are the Inuit?

A

Indigenous peoples of Arctic Canada, formerly known as Eskimos.

33
Q

Who are the Métis?

A

People of mixed First Nations and European ancestry.

34
Q

What are First Nations?

A

Indigenous peoples in Canada, referring to various tribes or nations.

35
Q

What is the Indian Act?

A

A 19th-century Canadian law governing the lives of First Nations peoples.

36
Q

What are Residential schools?

A

Canadian institutions aimed at assimilating indigenous children by removing them from their families and communities.

37
Q

What is the White Paper (1969)?

A

A Canadian government policy proposal advocating the assimilation of indigenous peoples.

38
Q

What is Self-determination?

A

The right of Native Americans and First Nations to govern themselves.

39
Q

What is the Indian Health Transfer Policy?

A

A Canadian initiative granting indigenous communities control over their health services.

40
Q

What is Nunavut?

A

A Canadian territory established in 1999 for Inuit self-government.

41
Q

What is Aboriginal title?

A

Land rights based on historical occupation by indigenous peoples.

42
Q

Who are the Mohawk?

A

A Native American tribe located in the eastern United States and Canada.

43
Q

What are Potlatches?

A

Ceremonial gift exchanges by coastal First Nations peoples in British Columbia.

44
Q

What are Sun Dances?

A

Traditional religious ceremonies of prairie First Nations peoples.

45
Q

What is the Indian Claims Commission (Canada)?

A

A body to address land disputes and treaty issues in Canada.

46
Q

What is the Charlottetown Accord?

A

A Canadian proposal for recognizing Aboriginal self-government that was rejected in 1992.

47
Q

What is the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1996)?

A

A Canadian report advocating self-government and land rights for indigenous peoples.

48
Q

What is the Kelowna Accord?

A

A Canadian agreement proposing $5 billion to improve indigenous living standards.

49
Q

What is Reconstruction?

A

The rebuilding, reform, and reintegration of the ex-Confederate states after the Civil War.

50
Q

What is Jim Crow?

A

A term referring to post-Reconstruction Southern laws that legalized racial segregation.

51
Q

What is De jure segregation?

A

Legal segregation of races, enforced by law.

52
Q

What is De facto segregation?

A

Segregation that occurs in practice but is not mandated by law.

53
Q

What was the Great Migration?

A

Early 20th-century northward movement of African Americans seeking better opportunities.

54
Q

What is Accommodationism?

A

A philosophy, associated with Booker T. Washington, advocating for economic improvement before seeking social, political, and legal equality.

55
Q

What is the NAACP?

A

An organization founded in 1909 to fight for African American rights, primarily through litigation.

56
Q

What is a Grandfather clause?

A

A law that allowed illiterate individuals to vote if their ancestors had voted before Reconstruction, effectively disenfranchising African Americans.

57
Q

What is a Poll tax?

A

A fee required to vote, used to disenfranchise African Americans.

58
Q

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

A

A cultural movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York, highlighting African American arts, literature, and music.

59
Q

What is the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)?

A

A mass movement led by Marcus Garvey advocating for racial separation and self-reliance.

60
Q

What is the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters?

A

A labor union led by A. Philip Randolph, representing African American railroad workers.

61
Q

What is the New Deal?

A

A series of programs and reforms introduced by President Roosevelt to address the Great Depression, some of which benefited African Americans.

62
Q

What is the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)?

A

A civil rights organization founded in 1942, advocating for nonviolent protest and racial equality.

63
Q

What is the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)?

A

A federal agency established to combat workplace discrimination.

64
Q

What was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

A

The 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

65
Q

What is the Southern Manifesto?

A

A statement by Southern politicians opposing the Brown ruling and supporting segregation.

66
Q

What was the Little Rock crisis?

A

The 1957 attempt to desegregate Central High School in Arkansas, met with violent resistance.

67
Q

What is the Civil Rights Movement?

A

A movement aimed at ending segregation and achieving equality for African Americans.

68
Q

Who is Emmett Till?

A

A 14-year-old African American whose lynching in 1955 galvanized the Civil Rights Movement.

69
Q

What does ‘Separate but equal’ mean?

A

A legal doctrine justifying racial segregation, overturned by Brown v. Board.

70
Q

What is Desegregation?

A

The process of ending racial segregation in public spaces and institutions.

71
Q

What are the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960?

A

Federal laws addressing voting rights and racial discrimination, though with limited impact.

72
Q

What does Grassroots mean?

A

Community-based movements aimed at addressing local issues.

73
Q

What was the Double V Campaign?

A

A World War II effort by African Americans for victory against racism abroad and at home.

74
Q

What was the Cold War?

A

The period of political and military tension between the USA and the Soviet Union from the 1940s to the 1980s.

75
Q

What is White flight?

A

The movement of white families from urban areas to suburbs to avoid desegregation.

76
Q

COCEI

A

Coalition of workers peasants and students.

77
Q

Caciques

A

Local leaders of indigenous groups

78
Q

Campesinos

A

Peasants

79
Q
A

IB History (8 decks)

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