final Flashcards
What are Mestizos?
Offspring of Europeans and native peoples.
Who were the Aztecs?
Indigenous Central Mexican people conquered by Spain in the 16th century.
Who were the Inca?
Indigenous Peruvian people whose empire stretched from Ecuador to Chile before the Spanish conquest.
What was the Mexican Revolution (1910–20)?
A revolt against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, which evolved into a struggle between several Mexican groups.
What is Indigenismo?
A Latin American movement that revered indigenous culture as a source of national values.
What is the Radical Left?
Groups like Communists and militant labor unionists seeking revolutionary change.
What is Liberation Theology?
A movement within the Catholic Church advocating for social change and aiding the poor.
What does Pink Tide refer to?
The wave of left-wing governments elected in Latin America at the end of the 20th century.
What is Agrarian Reform?
Redistribution of land to address inequality, particularly among indigenous populations.
What is a Scorched-Earth Campaign?
Military strategy involving the destruction of crops and resources to deny them to the enemy.
What is Globalization?
The increasing internationalization of economies, finance, trade, and communications.
What is Neoliberalism?
An economic system promoting free trade and reducing government intervention to address inequality.
What is Quechua?
A member or language of an indigenous group in Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Chile.
What is UCEZ?
A Mexican organization defending indigenous property and cultural traditions.
What is Sendero Luminoso?
A guerrilla organization in Peru promoting violent land reform tactics.
Who is Subcomandante Marcos?
A leader of the Chiapas rebellion in Mexico advocating for indigenous rights.
Who is Rigoberta Menchú?
A Nobel Peace Prize-winning Guatemalan activist for indigenous rights.
What is a Reservation?
An area of land set aside for Native American tribes in the 19th century.
What is the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)?
A federal agency responsible for Native American affairs.
Who are the Pueblo?
A Native American tribe from the western United States.
What is Termination?
A US policy aimed at ending federal recognition of Native American tribes and dismantling reservations.
What is Relocation?
A federal program that encouraged Native Americans to move from reservations to urban areas.
What is Uncle Tomahawk?
A derogatory term for Native Americans seen as overly deferential to whites.
What are Survival schools?
Educational institutions controlled by Native Americans under the 1972 Indian Education Act.
What is the American Indian Movement (AIM)?
A militant Native American rights organization founded in 1968.
What is a Fish-in?
A protest tactic used by Native Americans to assert fishing rights granted by treaties.
What is the Trail of Broken Treaties?
A 1972 protest march highlighting violations of treaties with Native Americans.
What is the Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)?
Legislation restoring legal rights to Native tribes and increasing self-governance.
What is the Indian Education Act (1972)?
Law increasing Native American control over education.
What is the Indian Claims Commission?
A federal body established to address past land claims by Native Americans.
What is Indian title?
Legal recognition of indigenous land rights based on historical occupancy.
Who are the Inuit?
Indigenous peoples of Arctic Canada, formerly known as Eskimos.
Who are the Métis?
People of mixed First Nations and European ancestry.
What are First Nations?
Indigenous peoples in Canada, referring to various tribes or nations.
What is the Indian Act?
A 19th-century Canadian law governing the lives of First Nations peoples.
What are Residential schools?
Canadian institutions aimed at assimilating indigenous children by removing them from their families and communities.
What is the White Paper (1969)?
A Canadian government policy proposal advocating the assimilation of indigenous peoples.
What is Self-determination?
The right of Native Americans and First Nations to govern themselves.
What is the Indian Health Transfer Policy?
A Canadian initiative granting indigenous communities control over their health services.
What is Nunavut?
A Canadian territory established in 1999 for Inuit self-government.
What is Aboriginal title?
Land rights based on historical occupation by indigenous peoples.
Who are the Mohawk?
A Native American tribe located in the eastern United States and Canada.
What are Potlatches?
Ceremonial gift exchanges by coastal First Nations peoples in British Columbia.
What are Sun Dances?
Traditional religious ceremonies of prairie First Nations peoples.
What is the Indian Claims Commission (Canada)?
A body to address land disputes and treaty issues in Canada.
What is the Charlottetown Accord?
A Canadian proposal for recognizing Aboriginal self-government that was rejected in 1992.
What is the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1996)?
A Canadian report advocating self-government and land rights for indigenous peoples.
What is the Kelowna Accord?
A Canadian agreement proposing $5 billion to improve indigenous living standards.
What is Reconstruction?
The rebuilding, reform, and reintegration of the ex-Confederate states after the Civil War.
What is Jim Crow?
A term referring to post-Reconstruction Southern laws that legalized racial segregation.
What is De jure segregation?
Legal segregation of races, enforced by law.
What is De facto segregation?
Segregation that occurs in practice but is not mandated by law.
What was the Great Migration?
Early 20th-century northward movement of African Americans seeking better opportunities.
What is Accommodationism?
A philosophy, associated with Booker T. Washington, advocating for economic improvement before seeking social, political, and legal equality.
What is the NAACP?
An organization founded in 1909 to fight for African American rights, primarily through litigation.
What is a Grandfather clause?
A law that allowed illiterate individuals to vote if their ancestors had voted before Reconstruction, effectively disenfranchising African Americans.
What is a Poll tax?
A fee required to vote, used to disenfranchise African Americans.
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
A cultural movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York, highlighting African American arts, literature, and music.
What is the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)?
A mass movement led by Marcus Garvey advocating for racial separation and self-reliance.
What is the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters?
A labor union led by A. Philip Randolph, representing African American railroad workers.
What is the New Deal?
A series of programs and reforms introduced by President Roosevelt to address the Great Depression, some of which benefited African Americans.
What is the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)?
A civil rights organization founded in 1942, advocating for nonviolent protest and racial equality.
What is the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)?
A federal agency established to combat workplace discrimination.
What was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?
The 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
What is the Southern Manifesto?
A statement by Southern politicians opposing the Brown ruling and supporting segregation.
What was the Little Rock crisis?
The 1957 attempt to desegregate Central High School in Arkansas, met with violent resistance.
What is the Civil Rights Movement?
A movement aimed at ending segregation and achieving equality for African Americans.
Who is Emmett Till?
A 14-year-old African American whose lynching in 1955 galvanized the Civil Rights Movement.
What does ‘Separate but equal’ mean?
A legal doctrine justifying racial segregation, overturned by Brown v. Board.
What is Desegregation?
The process of ending racial segregation in public spaces and institutions.
What are the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960?
Federal laws addressing voting rights and racial discrimination, though with limited impact.
What does Grassroots mean?
Community-based movements aimed at addressing local issues.
What was the Double V Campaign?
A World War II effort by African Americans for victory against racism abroad and at home.
What was the Cold War?
The period of political and military tension between the USA and the Soviet Union from the 1940s to the 1980s.
What is White flight?
The movement of white families from urban areas to suburbs to avoid desegregation.
COCEI
Coalition of workers peasants and students.
Caciques
Local leaders of indigenous groups
Campesinos
Peasants
