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IB History > The Development of the Civil Rights Movement > Flashcards

The Development of the Civil Rights Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Little Rock Crisis (1957)

A

A confrontation over the integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, where Governor Faubus used the National Guard to block Black students.

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2
Q

Eisenhower’s Civil Rights Acts (1957, 1960)

A

Early federal civil rights laws aimed at protecting African American voting rights, though largely ineffective.

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3
Q

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) (1957–60)

A

A civil rights organization founded by Martin Luther King Jr. that promoted nonviolent protest.

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4
Q

Freedom Rides (1961)

A

Interracial bus trips challenging segregation in interstate travel, provoking violent responses and federal intervention.

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5
Q

Albany Movement (1961–62)

A

A desegregation campaign in Albany, Georgia, marked by SNCC-led protests that met strong local resistance.

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6
Q

Birmingham Campaign (1963)

A

A series of nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that highlighted police brutality and garnered national attention.

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7
Q

March on Washington (1963)

A

A massive civil rights demonstration where MLK delivered his iconic ‘I Have a Dream’ speech.

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8
Q

Civil Rights Act (1964)

A

Landmark federal legislation that outlawed segregation and discrimination in public facilities and employment.

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9
Q

Selma Voting Rights Movement (1965)

A

A campaign to secure voting rights for African Americans, marked by the violent events of Bloody Sunday.

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10
Q

Voting Rights Act (1965)

A

Federal law that eliminated barriers such as literacy tests and poll taxes, greatly expanding Black voting rights.

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11
Q

Martin Luther King Jr.

A

Civil rights leader known for his advocacy of nonviolence and leadership in key protests and marches.

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12
Q

Thurgood Marshall

A

NAACP lawyer who successfully argued Brown v. Board of Education and later became the first Black Supreme Court Justice.

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13
Q

Orval Faubus

A

Arkansas Governor who opposed school desegregation by deploying the National Guard during the Little Rock Crisis.

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14
Q

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

A

U.S. President who intervened in the Little Rock Crisis and signed early civil rights legislation.

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15
Q

Roy Wilkins

A

NAACP leader who promoted legal strategies to combat segregation and discrimination.

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16
Q

Ella Baker

A

Civil rights organizer and SNCC mentor known for emphasizing grassroots leadership.

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17
Q

Bull Connor

A

A Birmingham official notorious for his aggressive tactics against civil rights demonstrators.

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18
Q

A. Philip Randolph

A

Labor and civil rights leader who organized the March on Washington.

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19
Q

John Lewis

A

Prominent SNCC leader, Freedom Rider, and later U.S. Congressman who played a key role in the civil rights movement.

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20
Q

Fannie Lou Hamer

A

Voting rights activist from Mississippi known for her powerful testimony and leadership in challenging voter suppression.

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21
Q

Freedom Summer (1964)

A

A voter registration campaign in Mississippi aimed at increasing African American political participation.

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22
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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23
Q

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56)

A

A successful protest against segregated bus seating sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest.

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24
Q

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

A

A youth-led organization central to grassroots civil rights activism and voter registration efforts.

25
Q

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

A

An interracial civil rights organization known for its role in sit-ins and the Freedom Rides.

26
Q

The Battle of Ole Miss (1962)

A

The integration conflict at the University of Mississippi involving James Meredith, marked by riots and federal intervention.

27
Q

Rosa Parks

A

Civil rights activist whose refusal to give up her bus seat sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

28
Q

James Farmer

A

CORE leader who organized the Freedom Rides to challenge segregated interstate travel.

29
Q

Robert Kennedy

A

U.S. Attorney General who supported civil rights enforcement and intervened in protests.

30
Q

Bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church (1963)

A

A racially motivated attack in Birmingham that killed four African American girls.

31
Q

Assassination of John F. Kennedy (1963)

A

The murder of the U.S. President, which influenced subsequent civil rights legislation under LBJ.

32
Q

James Meredith

A

The first Black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi, symbolizing the struggle for integration.

33
Q

Ross Barnett

A

Mississippi Governor who resisted federal desegregation orders during James Meredith’s enrollment.

34
Q

George Wallace

A

Alabama Governor known for his pro-segregation stance and opposition to civil rights reforms.

35
Q

Fred Shuttlesworth

A

Birmingham civil rights leader and co-founder of the SCLC who organized key protests.

36
Q

Bayard Rustin

A

Civil rights strategist and chief organizer of the March on Washington.

37
Q

Malcolm X

A

Influential Black nationalist leader who advocated self-defense and critiqued mainstream civil rights approaches.

38
Q

Letter from Birmingham Jail

A

A seminal document written by MLK defending nonviolent protest against unjust laws.

39
Q

“I Have a Dream” Speech

A

Martin Luther King Jr.’s famous address delivered during the March on Washington calling for racial equality.

40
Q

Bloody Sunday (March 7, 1965)

A

The violent attack on peaceful civil rights marchers in Selma that became a catalyst for voting rights reforms.

41
Q

March from Selma to Montgomery (March 21–25, 1965)

A

A pivotal protest march highlighting the struggle for voting rights, carried out under federal protection.

42
Q

Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)

A

U.S. President who signed major civil rights legislation and launched the Great Society programs.

43
Q

Bob Moses

A

SNCC leader known for organizing Freedom Summer and voter registration efforts in Mississippi.

44
Q

Medgar Evers

A

Mississippi NAACP leader who was assassinated for his civil rights activism.

45
Q

J. Edgar Hoover

A

Longtime FBI Director who actively surveilled and opposed civil rights leaders.

46
Q

Great Society

A

President Johnson’s set of programs aimed at eliminating poverty and reducing racial injustice.

47
Q

White Citizens’ Councils

A

Organizations formed to resist desegregation and maintain racial segregation in the South.

48
Q

Watts Riots (1965)

A

An urban uprising in Los Angeles sparked by racial tensions and police misconduct.

49
Q

Malcolm X’s Assassination (1965)

A

The killing of Malcolm X, marking a pivotal moment in the shift of Black nationalist sentiment.

50
Q

Black Power Movement (1966–1970s)

A

A movement advocating racial pride, economic empowerment, and self-defense for African Americans.

51
Q

Poor People’s Campaign (1968)

A

MLK’s initiative addressing economic justice and poverty as an extension of civil rights goals.

52
Q

Martin Luther King Jr.’s Assassination (1968)

A

The killing of MLK, which deeply impacted the civil rights movement and national consciousness.

53
Q

Stokely Carmichael

A

SNCC leader known for popularizing the term ‘Black Power’ and advocating a more militant stance.

54
Q

Fair Housing Act (1968)

A

Federal law enacted to end discrimination in housing and promote equal housing opportunities.

55
Q

Formation of the Black Panthers (1966)

A

The founding of a revolutionary organization that promoted armed self-defense and community programs.

56
Q

Huey Newton

A

Co-founder of the Black Panther Party, known for advocating self-defense and social programs.

57
Q

Bobby Seale

A

Co-founder of the Black Panther Party and a prominent figure in its activism.

58
Q

Richard Nixon

A

U.S. President whose administration took measures against radical Black Power groups while promoting conservative policies.

59
Q

Black Panther Party

A

A revolutionary organization that emphasized Black self-defense, community control, and socialist principles.

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