Unit 2 Flashcards
Society
A group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and a culture
What is culture?
The total knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by members of a specific group
Ethnic group
Has an identity as a separate group of people within the region where they live
Innovation
Taking technology that already exists to create something new to solve a problem
Acculturation
Occurs when a society changes because it accepts or adopts an innovation
Diffusion
The spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior
Cultural divergence
Cultures become increasingly different over time
Cultural hearth
A place from which innovations spread to many different cultures
Dialect
Change in speech patterns due to location, class, or other cultural changes
Religion
The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power
Judaism
- Originated Middle East (Israel/Palestine)
- monotheistic
- afterlife
- Abraham
- Second Temple, Western Wall
- Synagogue, pray, Torah
Christianity
- Middle East (Israel/Palestine)
- monotheistic (God/Holy Spirit/Jesus)
- afterlife
- Abraham, Paul
- Church, Bible, pray
Islam
- Middle East (Palestine, Saudi Arabia)
- monotheistic
- afterlife
- Abraham, Allah, Muhammad
- Mecca, Medina
- mousqe, Qur’an, 5 Pillars of Faith
Buddhism
- India
- no personal god
- reincarnation/karma
- lead moral life, meditate, gain wisdom
- Siddhartha Gautama
- Lumbuni, Bodhgaya, Saranth, Kushiarna
- diversity in worship
Hinduism
- Pakistan
- monotheistic
- reincarnation
- Sri Shankaracharya
- Uttar Prade, Varanasi
- Diwali, Holi
- Vedie Texts, no set scripture
- diversity in worship
Sikhism
- India/Pakistan
- monotheistic
- reincarnation/karma
- Guru Nanak, 10 other gurus
- Gurdwara, Diwali, baptism, Five K’s, Guru Granth Sahiv
Birthrate
Number of live births per 1000 people
Fertility rate
Average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime
Mortality rate
Number of deaths per 1000 people
Infant mortality rate
The death rate during the first year of life
Rate of natural increase
Birthrate minus mortality rate equals natural increase/decrease
Literacy rate
Percentage of people over 15 that can read or write
Population pyramids
Chart that shows the sex and age distribution of a population
Stage one population pyramid
High birth rates and high death rates with little to no population growth
Stage two population pyramid
High birthrates and lower death rates with increase in total population
Stage three population pyramid
Lower birthrates and lower death rates with decrease in slowed growth in total population
Stage four population pyramid
Low birthrates and low death rates with very slow or negative population growth
Population distribution
Why people live in certain places and not others
Habitable lands
Fair climate and access to water
Push/pull factors
Factors that cause people to want to move and where
Carrying capacity
Amount of people the land can support
Urban geography
The study of how people use the space around them
Suburbs
Smaller cities or towns that develop next to a city, or next to another suburb
Exurb
A town that still has space between the next suburb
Metropolitan Aera
Cities, suburbs, and exurbs that make up an area
Megalopolis
Two or more metropolitan areas that have grown together
Urbanization
Trend throughout the world to move to cities
City location
Near natural resources and transportation
Types of land use
Residential, industrial, and commercial
Central business district (CBD)
Core of the city
Ring theory
Small, organized city that has ring-shaped districts
Sector theory
A city developed in sections
Multiple nuclei theory
Unorganized city developed in sectors
Urban sprawl
A city continues to expand outward with little thought or planning
Smart growth
Revitalizing the city from the inside
Population density
A measurement of population per unit area or unit volume
Slum
A squalid and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people
State
An area with a political boundary (country)
Nation
Compromised of a group of people that share a territory, identity, and a strong sense of unity
Nation-state
When a nation and state occupy the same territory
Stateless nation
When a nation does not have an official territory
Natural boundaries
Created by physical environment
Artificial boundaries
Made up by people
Government
Control and administration of a public policy in a political unit
Democracy
People hold the power
Monarchy
Ruling family headed by king or queen
Dictatorship
Individual or group that has all the power
Communism
Government and economic system. All political power and means of production are held by the government
Junta
Military led form of government
Oligarchy
ruled by a group of very powerful people
Theocracy
Ruled by a religious leader and usually governed by religious law
Economics
The study of how individuals, businesses, and states make things, buy things, spend money and save money
Infrastructure
Economic support system
Goods
Things people make
Services
Things that people do for others
Levels of economic activity
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
Primary economic activity
Mainly raw materials
Secondary economic activity
Processing and manufacturing
Tertiary economic activity
Business and professional services
Quaternary economic activity
Information and intellectual services
Subsistence agriculture
Grows for their needs only
Commercial agriculture
Grows and sells in massive amounts
Cottage industry
Small scale manufacturing
Commercial industry
Large scale manufacturing
Traditional economy
- Trade/barter is common
- no money exchanged
- usually based in subsistence agriculture and cottage industry
- custom and tradition determine many aspects
Free enterprise (capitalism, free market, market)
- Supply and demand
- Limited government interference
- commercial agriculture and industry
Command economy
- Cooperation instead if competition
- government controlled
- creates a lack of incentives
Socialism (mixed economy)
- most important goods producing businesses are government controlled
- smaller businesses are privately owned
- goal is to fairly distribute income
- basic needs are met through free or low cost services
Natural resources
Comes from the earth, can be used in commerce as a good
Renewable resources
Resources from the earth that can be replaced
Nonrenewable resources
Natural resources that are irreplaceable or hard to replace
Inexhaustible resources
Something that will always be around
Per capita income
Entire income of population divided by each individual
Gross national product (GNP)
Tells how much a country makes within the entire world
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Tells how much a country makes
Land locked
Almost or entirely surrounded by land; having no coastline or sea port
Economic system
The system of production, distribution, and consumption
Population paradox
Developed countries have a declining population while under developed countries have an increasing population
