Unit 2 Flashcards
Condyle
Condyles are rounded knobs that form articulations with other bones. They often provide structural support to the articular surface, helping to absorb the force exerted at the joint. The lateral condyle of femur is one example, which is easily palpable at the knee.
Epicondyle
Epicondyle is a bony area on or above a condyle. It serves mainly as an area for a muscle or ligament attachment. Example: medial epicondyle of humerus.
Process
A process is a bulging bony outgrowth of a larger bone. An example is the mastoid process, which is easily palpable from behind the ear, and to which many head muscles are attached.
Protuberance
Protuberances, similar to processes, are swelling, bulging or protruding parts of bone. The external occipital protuberance is one example. Jutting out from the midline of the external surface, it is palpable from the back of the head.
Tubercle
A tubercle is a small rounded prominence, often a site of tendon or ligament attachment e.g. adductor tubercle of femur.
Tuberosity
A rounded prominence
Trochanter
This landmark is present only in the femur and it refers to a very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process of the femur that serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments. On the femur there is a greater trochanter and a less prominent lesser trochanter.
Spine
The spine (or spinous process) is a sharp, slender projection of the bone which is useful for attachment of muscles or ligaments. Example: spine of sphenoid bone.
Linea (line)
The term linea refers to a subtle, long, and narrow impression which distinguishes itself in elevation, color or texture from surrounding tissues. The linea aspera of femur is one example. Found on the posterior surface, it consists of medial and lateral lips diverging at its superior and inferior ends.
Facet
The facet is a flat smooth area of the bone which serves as an articular surface. Example: acromial facet of clavicle.
Crests & Ridges
Crests can be described as prominent, raised edges of a bone. They are of medium thickness and often found at sites where connective tissue connects muscle and bone. The iliac crest is one example. Found inferior to the quadratus lumborum, for which it serves as the origin point, it is palpable along its entire length, and is thicker at the extremities than the center.
Ridges are linear elevations, margins or borders. The lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus is one example, where we notice a slight projection compared to the surrounding bone.
Foramen and fissure
Foramina (sing: foramen) are holes or openings in a bone, usually through which nerves and blood vessels pass. The jugular foramen is one example through which the inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus, glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves pass.
Fissures are open slits, grooves or depressions in a bone, often housing nerves and blood vessels. An example is the inferior orbital fissure. Separating the floor from the lateral wall, it gives passage to structures like the zygomatic nerve and orbital branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion.
Notch
Notches (or incisures) can be defined as indentations at the edge of a structure, like a cleft. The scapular notch, which forms a deep, distinctive depression along the superolateral border of the scapula, is one example.
Axial Skeleton Bones
Frontal bone, maxilla, mandible, temporal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx, ribs, sternum
Appendicular skeleton
Clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges of hand, ilium, ischium, pubis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges of foot
Types of bones
Long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid.
Functions of the skeletal system
Protection, support, movement (with involvement of the muscular system), storage of fat and minerals and blood cell formation
Define - Synarthroses,amphiarthroses and diarthroses.
Synarthroses - not movable at all
Amphiarthroses - slightly movable
Diathroses - fully moveable
Fibrous joints
Dense fibrous connective tissue that are found between bones
Cartlaginous joints
The cartilage between bones
Synnovial Joints
Cavity between articulating bones,ligaments that hold that bones together
3 types of fibrous joints
Suture - intelocking juncitons beteen the skull bones
Syndesmosis - Connection between the tibia and fibula and the radius and ulna - bones are connectd by a fibrous tissue ligament. Movement varies from immovable to slightly movable.
Gomphosis
aritculation of the teeth with the sockets of the maxillae and mandible - immovable joint that is a cone shape.
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
Synchdrondrosis - a bar or plate of hylaline cartilage unites the bones - are all synarthrotic
Symphysis: hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces that is fused into an intervening pad of fibrocartliage. Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility.
Synovial Joints types
Gliding - slight nonaxial or multiaxial - examples - sacroiliac joints
Pivot - Monaxial (rotation) - atlas/axis
Ball and socket - Triaxial - shoulder/hipjoint
Hinge joint - Monaxial - elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangael
Elipsoid - Biaxial - radiocarpal joints
Saddle - Biaxial - First carpometacarpal joint
Movements of the synovial joints
Gliding - relatively flat surface - move against one another. Ex. intercarpal joints.
Adduction - towards midline
Abduction - away from midline
Flexion - decrease in angle
Extension - increase in angle
Circumduction - circular movement (hip joint)
Rotation - involves a bone revolving around its own longitudinal axis - shoulder joint.
Elevation + Depression - up and down bitch - temporomandibular joint
Protraction + Retraction - Temporomandibular joint.
Inversion + Eversion = side to side (Tarsal bones)
Dorsi + Plantar flexion - up and down
(ankle joint)
Pronation + Supination - flip flip - joint between radius and ulna
What stabilizes Synovial joints
Collagen fibers (joint capsule, liganents)
Articulating surfaces and menisci
Other bones, muscles or fat pads
Tendons or articulating bones
Type of joint an epiphyseal plate
Temporary Cartilaginous joint
Hyaline cartilage
Cranium parts
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Occipital Bone
Frontal Bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Vertebral column
Cervical
Thoraric
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
Typical Vertebrae
Centrum - vertebral
Vertebral foramen - opening that contains spinal cord
Tranverse process - one on either side
Spinous process
Atlas: (nodding)
c1
- supports the skull
- contains two sockets for skill condyles - no centrum
Axis (rotation)
c2
- contains a dens that projects into the forament of the atlas
Thorax
Ribs: 1-7 true ribs
Ribs: 8-10: false ribs; attached together by cartialge, before the 7th rib joining
Ribs 11-12: floating ribs; are not the attached to the sternum at allor anything in the front or back.
Pectoral Girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvic Girdle
Hip bone
Sacrum
Coccyx
Pubc Symphysis
Ischium
Ilium
Pubis
Lower Limb
Hip bone
Sacrum
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
