Unit 2 Flashcards
cell structure that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities; only found in eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
Semi-fluid material between cell membrane and nucleus
cytoplasm
thin flexible barrier around a cell; regulates (controls) what enters and leaves the cell; important for homeostasis
Cell Membrane
A rigid, supporting structure that surrounds the cell membrane in some cells (ex: plants, algae, fungo, bacteria)
Cell Wall
organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Cell organelles filled with enzymes - breaks down certain materials in the cell
Lysosome
Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi Body (Apparatus)
System of membranes- produces and transports proteins (rough) and makes lipids (smooth); the Rough has Ribosomes, the smooth doesn’t
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Part of the ER, Makes lipids
Smooth ER
Part of the ER, rough due to ribosomes, makes proteins (due to ribosomes)and transports proteins within the cytoplasm
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
site of cellular respiration; makes energy (ATP), called the “powerhouse” of the cell
Mitochondria (plural) / Mitochondrion (singular)
tiny cell structures on which proteins are made (site of protein synthesis); has two sub-units; “protein factories”
Ribosomes
A large vacuole at the center of most plant cells, filled with water and maintains turgor pressure in a plant cell
Central Vacuole
Found inside the nucleus an produces ribosomes
Nucleolus
Organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbs
Vacuoles
network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape and helps organelles move
cytoskleleton
cell structures that carry out a specific function within the cell
organelles
deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material that contains the information that determines inherited traits
DNA
HAVE a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotic cells
do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (remember: “pro” rhymes with “no”)
prokaryotic cells
stable internal environment in cells and organisms
homeostasis
hairlike projections that extend from the cell membrane and are used for locomotion
cilia
theory that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
cell theory
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
clades
A theory that early eukaryotic cells (protists) evolved from simple prokaryotic cells when one bacterium (a prokaryote) engulfed another bacterium and the two began living together. According to this theory, mitochondria/chloroplasts look and act so much like bacteria because they once were bacteria and their double membrane shows evidence of being engulfed.
endosymbiosis
An organism capable of synthesizing (making) its OWN food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Examples include: plants, algae, & certain bacteria. Auto=self; troph=consume (think of an airplane in auto-pilot, flying itself)
Autotroph
Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming OTHER organisms. Hetero=other; troph=consume
heterotroph
made of a single (1) cell
unicellular
made up of more than one cell
multicellular
A taxonomic category above (broader than) the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
domain
domain (and kingdom) of unicellular PROKARYOTES that have cell walls that do NOT contain peptidoglycan; extremophiles
Archaea
domain and kingdom of unicellular PROKARYOTES that HAVE cell walls containing peptidoglycan; common bacteria found “everywhere”
Bacteria
kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by spores, have a cell wall made of chitin, and obtain food by breaking down substances and absorbing the nutrients
Fungi
The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms; includes plants, animals, fungi, protists. ALL species grouped in this domain HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles!
Eukarya (also called Eukaryota; Eukaryotes)
kingdom of multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs whose cells do NOT have cell walls; our kingdom!
Animalia
kingdom of multicellular, photosynthetic, autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose
Plantae
mostly unicellular organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi; “misfits” as they are so hard to classify and are not a true clade; first eukaryotic cells to have developed on the planet; extremely diverse- examples include phytoplankton, algae, slime molds, amoebas, ciliates, etc.
protists
classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
binomial nomenclature
“Father of Modern Taxonomy”; he established binomial nomenclature and devised systems for classifying all organisms
Carl (Carolus) Linnaeus
Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name
Taxonomy
taxonomic group, for example kingdom or genus
Taxon
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
species
make up the two part scientific name
genus and species
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species; one way to remember is: Do Kids Prefer Candy Over Fresh Green Salad?
Levels of classification
a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms; often used as a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group
cladogram/phylogenetic tree
study of evolutionary relationships (history) among organisms
Phylogeny
An ancestral species from which later species evolved
common ancestor
Node (on a phylogenetic tree or cladogram)
a place where a branch splits off from the rest of the cladogram; COMMON ANCESTOR, also represents divergent evolution
the common ancestor shared by ALL organisms on the diagram
“root” (bottom) of cladogram/phylogenetic tree
