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Biology Honors > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

cell structure that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities; only found in eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Semi-fluid material between cell membrane and nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

thin flexible barrier around a cell; regulates (controls) what enters and leaves the cell; important for homeostasis

A

Cell Membrane

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4
Q

A rigid, supporting structure that surrounds the cell membrane in some cells (ex: plants, algae, fungo, bacteria)

A

Cell Wall

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5
Q

organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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6
Q

Cell organelles filled with enzymes - breaks down certain materials in the cell

A

Lysosome

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7
Q

Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Golgi Body (Apparatus)

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8
Q

System of membranes- produces and transports proteins (rough) and makes lipids (smooth); the Rough has Ribosomes, the smooth doesn’t

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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9
Q

Part of the ER, Makes lipids

A

Smooth ER

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10
Q

Part of the ER, rough due to ribosomes, makes proteins (due to ribosomes)and transports proteins within the cytoplasm

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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11
Q

site of cellular respiration; makes energy (ATP), called the “powerhouse” of the cell

A

Mitochondria (plural) / Mitochondrion (singular)

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12
Q

tiny cell structures on which proteins are made (site of protein synthesis); has two sub-units; “protein factories”

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

A large vacuole at the center of most plant cells, filled with water and maintains turgor pressure in a plant cell

A

Central Vacuole

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14
Q

Found inside the nucleus an produces ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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15
Q

Organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbs

A

Vacuoles

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16
Q

network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape and helps organelles move

A

cytoskleleton

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17
Q

cell structures that carry out a specific function within the cell

A

organelles

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18
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material that contains the information that determines inherited traits

A

DNA

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19
Q

HAVE a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotic cells

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20
Q

do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (remember: “pro” rhymes with “no”)

A

prokaryotic cells

21
Q

stable internal environment in cells and organisms

A

homeostasis

22
Q

hairlike projections that extend from the cell membrane and are used for locomotion

A

cilia

23
Q

theory that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

A

cell theory

24
Q

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

A

clades

25
Q

A theory that early eukaryotic cells (protists) evolved from simple prokaryotic cells when one bacterium (a prokaryote) engulfed another bacterium and the two began living together. According to this theory, mitochondria/chloroplasts look and act so much like bacteria because they once were bacteria and their double membrane shows evidence of being engulfed.

A

endosymbiosis

26
Q

An organism capable of synthesizing (making) its OWN food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Examples include: plants, algae, & certain bacteria. Auto=self; troph=consume (think of an airplane in auto-pilot, flying itself)

A

Autotroph

27
Q

Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming OTHER organisms. Hetero=other; troph=consume

A

heterotroph

28
Q

made of a single (1) cell

A

unicellular

29
Q

made up of more than one cell

A

multicellular

30
Q

A taxonomic category above (broader than) the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

A

domain

31
Q

domain (and kingdom) of unicellular PROKARYOTES that have cell walls that do NOT contain peptidoglycan; extremophiles

A

Archaea

32
Q

domain and kingdom of unicellular PROKARYOTES that HAVE cell walls containing peptidoglycan; common bacteria found “everywhere”

A

Bacteria

33
Q

kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by spores, have a cell wall made of chitin, and obtain food by breaking down substances and absorbing the nutrients

A

Fungi

34
Q

The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms; includes plants, animals, fungi, protists. ALL species grouped in this domain HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles!

A

Eukarya (also called Eukaryota; Eukaryotes)

35
Q

kingdom of multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs whose cells do NOT have cell walls; our kingdom!

A

Animalia

36
Q

kingdom of multicellular, photosynthetic, autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose

A

Plantae

37
Q

mostly unicellular organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi; “misfits” as they are so hard to classify and are not a true clade; first eukaryotic cells to have developed on the planet; extremely diverse- examples include phytoplankton, algae, slime molds, amoebas, ciliates, etc.

A

protists

38
Q

classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

A

binomial nomenclature

39
Q

“Father of Modern Taxonomy”; he established binomial nomenclature and devised systems for classifying all organisms

A

Carl (Carolus) Linnaeus

40
Q

Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name

A

Taxonomy

41
Q

taxonomic group, for example kingdom or genus

A

Taxon

42
Q

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

A

species

43
Q

make up the two part scientific name

A

genus and species

44
Q

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species; one way to remember is: Do Kids Prefer Candy Over Fresh Green Salad?

A

Levels of classification

45
Q

a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms; often used as a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group

A

cladogram/phylogenetic tree

46
Q

study of evolutionary relationships (history) among organisms

A

Phylogeny

47
Q

An ancestral species from which later species evolved

A

common ancestor

48
Q

Node (on a phylogenetic tree or cladogram)

A

a place where a branch splits off from the rest of the cladogram; COMMON ANCESTOR, also represents divergent evolution

49
Q

the common ancestor shared by ALL organisms on the diagram

A

“root” (bottom) of cladogram/phylogenetic tree

Biology Honors (6 decks)

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