Unit 1C Sec 2- Vision

Question 1

Retina

Answer 1

The sensitive inner surface of the eye containing photoreceptor cells that convert light into neural signals

Question 2

Rods

Answer 2

Photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for vision in low light conditions + detecting motion
- They provide black-and-white vision + are highly sensitive to light (lets us see in dim environment)

Question 3

Cones

Answer 3

Photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for for color vision & detail in bright light
- Allow us to perceive colors & fine visual details (reading text/ distinguishing different hues)

Question 4

Forvea

Answer 4

Central area of the retina responsible for sharp vision
- contains a high concentration of cone cells (no rods); allowing detailed and color vision

Question 4

Blind spot

Answer 4

Area on the retina where optic nerve exits the eyes; lacks photoreceptor cells
- a spot where vision is absent, no light sensitive cells to detect visual stimuli

Question 5

Ganglion cells

Answer 5

Neurons in the retina that receive visual info from the bipolar cells and transmit it to the brain via the optic nerve
- play important role in processing visual signals and relaying them to the brain for further interpretation

Question 6

Lens

Answer 6

Transparent structure in the eyet that focuses light onto the retina
- adjusts its shape to help the eye properly refract light, enabling clear vision at different distances

Question 7

Accomodation

Answer 7

The process by which the lens of the eye changes it’s shape to focus on objects at different distances
- allows for clear vision of both nearby and distant objects by adjusting the curvature of the lens

Question 8

Nearsightedness

Answer 8

A common vision condition where close objects appear clear, but distant objects appear blurry
- occurs when the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved, caused light to focus in front of the retina instead of on it

Question 9

Farsightedness

Answer 9

A vision condition where distant objects are seen more clearly that close ones
- happens when the eyeball is too short/ the cornea is too flat, causing light to focus behind the retina rather than directly on it

Question 10

Trichromatic Theory

Answer 10

A theory proposing that color vision is based on three different types of cone receptors, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light ( red,green,blue)
- the brain combines signals from these cones to create the perception of a wide range of colors

Question 11

Opponent-Process theory

Answer 11

A theory proposing that color vision is based on pairs of opposing color processes (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white)
- activation of one color in the pair inhibit the other, leading to the perception of color afterimages and explaining certain aspects of color vision

Question 12

Afterimages

Answer 12

Visual sensations the persist after a stimulus is removed
- occur due to temporary overstimulation of cone cells in the retina; results in a brief perception of an inverted or complementary image

Question 13

Dichromastim

Answer 13

A type of color vision deficiency where an individual has only two types of functioning cone cells instead on the normal three
- condition results in difficulty distinguishing between certain colors, especially reds and greens

Question 14

Monochromasism

Answer 14

A rare form of color blindness where an individual has only one type of functioning cone cell, or none at all
- results in the inability to perceive color, seeing the world in shades of gray

Question 15

Blindsight

Answer 15

A phenomenon where the individuals with damage to their visual cortex can respond to visual stimuli w/o consciously perceiving them
- suggests that some visual processing can occur unconsciously, by bypassing traditional pathways in the brain

Question 16

Prosopangnosia

Answer 16

A neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize familiar faces, including one’s own face despite intact vision & intellect
- often referred to as face blindness