Sec 2 Learning by Reinforcement & Punishment

Question 1

The law of effect

Answer 1

Behaviors followed by favorable outcomes are more likely to be repeated while behaviors followed by unfavorable outcomes are less likely to to be repeated

Question 2

Reinforcement “repeat”

Answer 2

Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future

Question 3

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 3

Things we naturally like (aka food/water)

Question 4

Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 4

Things we like to learn because they’re connected to primary reinforcers or other things we like ( aka money, praise, grades in school, points, applause, trophies, medals)

Question 5

Reinforcement discrimination

Answer 5

The ability to distinguish between different stimuli and respond appropriately based on the presence or absence of reinforcement

Question 6

Reinforcement generalization

Answer 6

The tendency to respond similarly to different stimuli that are associated with the same reinforcement

Question 7

Positive Reinforcement (Increase behavior)

Answer 7

Presenting a desirable stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of the behavior happening again in the future

Question 8

Negative Reinforcement (Increase behavior)

Answer 8

Removing an aversive stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior happening again in the future

Question 9

Punishment “Prevent”

Answer 9

Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future

Question 10

Positive Punishment (Decrease behavior)

Answer 10

Adding an aversive stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior happening again in the future

Question 11

Negative Punishment (Decrease Behavior)

Answer 11

Removing a desirable stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior happening again in the future

Question 12

Shaping

Answer 12

Gradually reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior, leading to the development of a complex behavior or skill

Question 13

Instictive Drift

Answer 13

Animals may go back to their natural instincts instead of learning new behaviors through training (operant conditioning)

Question 14

Superstitious Behavior

Answer 14

Accidental reinforcement of behaviors, leading to the belief that those behaviors are causing desired outcomes even when they are not.

Question 15

Reinforcement schedules

Answer 15

Patterns determining when and how often reinforcement is given for a behavior, influencing the rate and persistence of that behavior

Question 16

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 16

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs

Question 17

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 17

Reinforcing a behavior only some of the time it occurs, leading to slower extinction but also less consistent responding

Question 18

Fixed interval