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R.Scott PMA Midterm 2 > Unit 18- Chapter 14+15 > Flashcards

Unit 18- Chapter 14+15 Flashcards

1
Q

When assessing a middle-aged male patient with chest pain, you note a large vertical scar in the center of his chest. This indicates that he has MOST likely had:

A

coronary artery bypass graft.

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2
Q

The _____________ is the end of the great cardiac vein and collects blood returning from the walls of the heart.

A

coronary sinus

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3
Q

The ability of cells to respond to electrical impulses is referred to as the property of:

A

excitability

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4
Q

Emphysema, a degenerative disease, is caused by:

A

surfactant destruction and increased alveolar surface tension.

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5
Q

What three major arteries arise from the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian

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6
Q

One of the MOST common signs of an acute hypertensive emergency is:

A

sudden severe headache

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7
Q

Which of the following is the MOST accurate clinical definition of chronic bronchitis?

A

Productive cough for 3 months per year for 2/3 consecutive years

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8
Q

The left main coronary artery rapidly divides into the:

A

left anterior descending and circumflex arteries.

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9
Q

ou should be MOST suspicious that a patient is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction if he or she presents with:

A

an acute onset of weakness, nausea, and sweating without an obvious cause

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10
Q

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that results in:

A

excess sodium loss and thick pulmonary secretions.

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11
Q

croup responds well to

A

humidified oxygen

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12
Q

Typical signs and symptoms of pneumonia include:

A

pleuritic chest pain, fever, and rhonchi.

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13
Q

valves consist of cusps. When the papillary muscles contract, the ______________ tighten, preventing blood from regurgitating from the ventricles to the atria.

A

chordae tendineae

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14
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by:

A

tachypnea and bradypnea with alternating apneic periods.

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15
Q

breathing control is comes from the ____, specifically the ____ and __

A

brainstem, the pons and medulla

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16
Q

motor nerve of respiration is the

A

phrenic nerve.. moves diaphragm and the intercostal nerves move the external intercostal muscles

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17
Q

mechanical receptors , know as stretch receptors send a signal to the ______centre via the ____ nerve to inhibit inspriation and expiration occurs

A

apneustic, vagal nerve

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18
Q

what reflex terminates inhalation to prevent over expansion

A

hering-breuer reflex

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19
Q

normal inspiratory reserve volume and normal expiratory reserve volume a mall can do it-

A
  1. 1200 ML
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20
Q

4 complications that could interfere with normal breathing

A

upper and lower airway obstruction, chest wall impairment and neurological issue

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21
Q

____ could lead to hypoxic drive

A

carbon dioxide retention

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22
Q

COPD is end of the a slow process that leads to a disruption of the __

A

airways, alveoli and the pulmonary blood vessels

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23
Q

what is emphysema

A

degenerative condtion characterized by destruction of the alveolar walls related to destruction of surfactant

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24
Q

once the alveoli fall apart from emphysema, it leaves large holes in the lung that resemble

A

large pocket of air or cavity

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25
Q

what is anaphylaxis

A

severe allergic reaction characterized by airway reduction and dilation of blood vessels all over the body significantly lowering blood pressure

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26
Q

what is pleuritic chest pain

A

sharp stabbing pain that is worse with breathing or certain movements

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27
Q

what is pleural effusion

A

collection of fluid outside the lung

feel better when they sit upright

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28
Q

when a pulmonary embolism occurs and occludes pulmonary artery , what can result

A

ventilation-perfusion mismatch, build up of excessive CO2

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29
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

genetic disorder of the endocrine system

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30
Q

what is a highly contagious virus that creates an infection of the lungs and breathing passages. its highly contagious is common in young children

A

respiratory syncytial virus

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31
Q

what is croup, signs and symptoms

A

inflammation of the phaynx , larynx and trachea
1-3 years olds
low grade fever
stridor and seal like bark cough

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32
Q

what is epiglottitis and S/S

A

inflammation of the epiglottis
can swell 2 to 3 times it size
drooling
high grade fever, bacterial

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33
Q

what is pneumonia and typical findings

A

infection of lung parenchyma
can be systemic
fever , chills, productive cough ( green ), pleuritic chest pain and excessive muscus

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34
Q

another name for whooping cough

A

pertussis

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35
Q

what is CHF

A

congestive heart failure
heart is unable to meet cardiac output that the body needs
pump failure
ventricular myocardium is damaged and cant keep up with blood from atria

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36
Q

wet lungs are associated to ___

and dry lungs are associated to __

A

wet- pulmonary edema

dry- COPD

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37
Q

what are vesicular, bronchial and adventitious breathing sounds

A

V- air in and out of alveoli
B- air in and out of bronchi
A- abnormal

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38
Q

Rales-
rhonchi-
stridor-
wheezing-

A

rales- fluid, crackles
rhonchi- rattling, low pitch,secretions, mucous in airway
stridor- high pitches, inspire, upper airway obstruct
wheezing- high pitches whistling, expiration, lower airway

39
Q

3 parts of cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood vessels and blood

40
Q 
muscle of heart-
sac around heart-
inner membrane of pericardium
another name for visceral layer against heart
inside layer of heart
A 
myocardium
pericardium
serous pericardium
epicardium
endocardium
41
Q

identify heart conduction system

and rates

A

Sinoatrial ( SA ) node, Atrioventricular ( AV ) node, Bundle of HIS, left and right bundle branches and perkinje fibers

SA- 60-100
Junction- 40-60
Perkinje- 15-40

42
Q 
define
Excitability-
conductivity-
automaticity-
contractility-
A

excite- ability of cells to respond to electricity
Conduct- ability of cells to conduct electricity
automaticity- contract spontaneously without nerve source
contract- strength of contaction

43
Q

chonotrophic
dromotrophic
inotrophic

A

chrono-rate of contraction
dromo- control electrical conduction
inotro- strength

44
Q

process that creates the pumping of the heart

A

cardiac cycle

45
Q

preload

A

amount of blood returned to heart

46
Q

afterload

A

pressure in aorta and pheripheral vascular resistance against which left ventricle must pump against

47
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected per contraction

48
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped through circulatory system in 1 minute

49
Q

what law speaks about contractility of heart

A

starlings law

50
Q

ejection fraction

A

normal heart continues to pump out the same percentage that is returned

51
Q

average male amount of blood

A

70 ml/kg or 5 L

52
Q

ongoing process in which RBC are made

where do RBC decompose

A

erythropoiesis

spleen, microphages

53
Q

most leukocytes are motile ( can move) and leave blood cells by process known as

A

diapedesis

54
Q

3 layers of blood vessel

A

tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia

55
Q

right coronary artery divides into how many branches

and left?

A

9

2

56
Q

aorta is divided into 3 parts

A

ascending, aortic arch and descending

57
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

fatty material form plaque on BV wall, obstructing flow

also interferes with constrict / dilation

58
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

thickening of arterial walls which cause the loss of elasticity ( hardening )

59
Q

what is inside of vein/artery called

A

lumen

60
Q

clot that floats in BV until it occludes

A

thromboembolism

61
Q

any group of symptoms consistent with acute myocardial ischemia

A

acute coronary syndrome

62
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

chest pain, brief period where heart tissue in no getting enough oxygen

63
Q

how long does it take for heart muscle cells to begin to die

A

30 mins

64
Q

what is a clot busting medication

A

fibrinolytics , 12 hrs after onset of symptoms

65
Q

angio plasty and percutaneous coronary intervention are examples of

A

mechanical clearing of artery

66
Q

AMI pain different from angina in 3 ways

A

may not be caused by exertion, it does not resolve in several minutes, it may not be relieved by nitro or rest

67
Q

3 major consequences of AMI

A

death, cardiogenic shock, CHF

68
Q

common physical signs of MI

A

general appearance, pulse increase, blood pressure could be higher or lower, dyspnea, impending feeling of doom

69
Q

what is an arrhythmia

A

abnormality of heart rhythm

70
Q

a string of ___ PVC’s back to back are called

A

3, run of V tach

71
Q

dependent edema

and pedal edema

A

closest part to ground, bed ridden- sacral

pedal- legs and feet

72
Q

what is orthostatic and orthopnea

A

orthostatic- change in BP and vitals when laying to stand

orthopnea- easier to breath when sitting up

73
Q

what is a common complication of myocardial ischemia

A

pulmonary edema

preload and afterload are greatly influenced

74
Q

what mmHg is considered a hypertensive emergency and common complaint

A

greater than 160 mmHg, severe sudden headache

75
Q

aortic aneurysm

dissecting aneruysym

A

weakness in wall of aorta

inner layers of aorta become separated allowing blood to flow through layers

76
Q

most effective way to assist person with CHF to breath effectively and prevent invasive airway management technnique

A

CPAP

77
Q

paroxysmal means

A

sudden onset

78
Q

monophasic AED vs Biphasic

A

one directio positive to negative , vs 2 directions

less power needed with bi- 120 jules vs 360 mono

79
Q

5 links in chain of survival

A

early recognition of warning signs and EMS activation
early CPR
early Defribillation
early advance medical care
Integrated post - arrest care ( controlling temp and BGL to optimize neurological recovery )

80
Q

what chemical in heart controls depolarization and repolarization

and contraction

A

depolarization- sodium
re-polarization- potassium

contraction-calcium

81
Q

heart 3 types of muscle fibers

A

atrium, ventricular , specialized conductive fibers

82
Q

3 leads are what kind of leads and what does that mean

A

bipolar , one negative one positive

83
Q

name of 3 lead triangle around hear

A

einthoven triangle

84
Q

3 pieces of info you can gain from a 3 lead

A

heart rate, regularity , conduction time

85
Q

regular time for
QRS interval
PR interval

A

QRS- 0.04-0.12

PRI- 0.12-0.20

86
Q

ways to ECG calculate rate- 3

A

6 sec strip x 10
count little boxes between R’s and divide by 1500
triplicate method (300,150,100,75,60,50)

87
Q

normal conduction is ___ and backward conduction is ___

A

antegrade, retrograde

88
Q

what are ectopic foci

A

cells other than pacemaker causing depolarize ( PAC, PJV, PVC)

89
Q

height of ECG measured in? and horizontal movement measured in

A

height- voltage

horizontal- time

90
Q

is an ECG shows electrical activity but there is no pulse, what is it called

A

pulseless electrical activity

91
Q

is there is more than how much BSA burned , we dont use moist dressing

A

10% BSA

92
Q

what is the common chemical neurotransmitter that is used on body when conducting nerve impulses

A

Acetylcholine

93
Q

ECG 4 lead placement

+ and - and colours

A

Right arm Left Arm
- - (WHITE) +- ( BLACK)

GREEN Left Leg
++ (RED)

R.Scott PMA Midterm 2 (11 decks)

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