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R.Scott PMA Midterm 2 > Unit 10- Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Unit 10- Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following electrolytes is essential for the distribution of water throughout the body?

A

sodium

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2
Q

What role does phosphorus play in the body?

A

It is an important component in the formation of adenosine triphosphate.

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3
Q

The cell membrane is a ______________ bilayer, which is an important barrier to fluid movement and the acid-base balance.

A

phospholipid

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4
Q

How does lactated ringers solution help combat intracellular acidosis associated with severe blood loss?

A

The lactate is metabolized by the liver to form bicarbonate.

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5
Q

Severe hyperkalemia ( high K+ ) can result in:

A

hyperstimulation of neural transmission.

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6
Q

two or more atoms bond together to form a

A

molecule

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7
Q

positive and negative charged ions ( electrolytes ) are called

A

cation and anion

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8
Q

major cations are

A

sodium potassium and calcium

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9
Q

major anions are

A

bicarbonate , chlorine and phosphorus

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10
Q

where is k+ 98 % found and whats is main purpose

A

within the cell

neuromuscular function and glucose into glycogen

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11
Q

cellular potassium levels are regulated by

A

insulin

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12
Q

sodium / potassium pump regulated by

A

insulin and epinephrine

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13
Q

low potassium levels can lead to what

this does what

A

hypokalemia

decreased skeletal muscular function
GI disturbances
altered cardia function

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14
Q

low calcium levels can lead to what

this does what

A

hypocalemia

cramps throughout body, hypotension, vasoconstriction

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15
Q

high calcium levels lead to what

this does what

A

hypercalemia

weakness, lethargic, ataxia, vasodilation, hot / flushed

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16
Q

what is the primary buffer in all circulating fluids

A

sodium bicarbonate

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17
Q

what does chloride anion primarily regulated

A

pH of stomach

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18
Q

what is a solute and solvent

A

solute- dissolved particles

solvent- fluid that does the dissolving

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19
Q

balance across a cell membrane has two components

A

balance of compounds ( water / electrolytes)

balance of charges

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20
Q

what is a method of moving compounds to maintain imbalance of charges

A

active transport
sodium / potassium pump
must use ATP

21
Q

what is the concentration of sodium in a solution and the movement of water in relation to the sodium levels inside or outside of a cell

A

tonicity

22
Q

what is iso , hyper and hypotonic solutions

A

iso- equal- water will not shift
hyper- greater sodium concentration than cell and will draw water out
hypo- lower sodium concentration than cell, and water will move into cell

23
Q

3 fluid compartments of the body

how much of total body weight is within these three compartments

A

inter-cellular ,
interstitial ( extracellular)
intravascular ( extracellular )

60 %

24
Q

body weight of interstitial fluid alone

A

16 %

25
Q

what are colloid solutions good for

and what is an example of a colloid solution

A

because molecules are to big for cell membranes, fluid remains intravascular, pulling fluid in

good for edema

whole blood

26
Q

what pts are at risk fluid overload

A

hypertension and congestive heart failure

isotonic stays intravascular, increasing workload of heart
and fluid back up in lungs

27
Q

what is lactated ringer usually used for

A

pts who have lost alot of blood

contains lactate, metabolizes in liver to form bicarbonate which combats intercellular acidosis

28
Q

what is normal saline good for

A

hydration

29
Q

marco vs micro drop set

A

macro - 10 drops to get mL

Micro- 60 drops to get mL

30
Q

where is the antecubital fossa

A

inner elbow pit

31
Q

what is cannulation

A

insert of hollow tube into vein

32
Q

most common type of catheters in pre-hospital

A

butterfly and over the needle

33
Q

catheter size should be determined by - 3

A

age of pt
location
need for IV admin

34
Q

examples of LOCAL IV complications (5)

A

infiltration- escape of fluid into surrounding tissue
phlebitis- inflammation of vein ( not usually pre-hospital)
occlusion- physical block of vein or catheter
hematoma- accumulation of blood in tissue around IV site
nerve/tendon/ligament damage

35
Q

systemic complications of IV

A 
allergic reaction
air embolus
catheter shear
circulatory O/L
vasovegal reactions-anxiety leads to drop in BP
36
Q

what veins are best on young infants

A

scalp veins, butterfly catheters

20- 26 gauge

37
Q

how to convert mg/DL to mmol/L

A

divide by 18

38
Q

calculating drip rate

A

gtt min = volume in mL x drip set all divided by time in minutes

39
Q

A form of solid drug that is stored in a gelatin shell filled with liquid or powder is called a:

A

capsule

40
Q

What physiologic response causes a vasovagal reaction?

A

Vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure

41
Q

major anion of body

A

chloride , phosphorus, bicarbonate

42
Q

when calculating fluid to replace lost blood

A

3 to every 1 mL lost

43
Q

Third spacing is defined as:

A

an abnormal fluid shift into the serous linings of the body

44
Q

Other than oxygen, prior to administering any medication to a patient, you must take standard precautions and then:

A

perform a careful assessment of the patient.

45
Q

After inserting the needle into the injection port of a saline lock, you pull back on the plunger and observe blood return in the syringe. You should next:

A

administer the medication and observe for infiltration.

46
Q

The removal of particles from a solution by allowing the liquid portion to pass through a membrane or other partial barrier is called:

A

filtration

47
Q

Which of the following medications are typically administered via the subcutaneous route?

A

Insulin and epinephrine

48
Q

The MOST common site an Advanced Care Paramedic would use for pediatic intraosseous cannulation is the:

A

tibial tuberosity.

49
Q

A patient with congestive heart failure requires medication administration. Which of the following IV solutions would be MOST appropriate to use?

A

Five percent dextrose in water

R.Scott PMA Midterm 2 (11 decks)

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