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R.Scott PMA Midterm 2 > Unit 10- Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Unit 10- Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q 
Define 
Anatomy
Gross anatomy
microscopic anatomy
physiology
pathophysiology
A

anatomy- structure / components of organism
gross - body parts that are visible to naked eye
microscopic- small- in microscope
physiology- study of body functions
patho- study of body functions in abnormal state

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2
Q

define topographic anatomy

A

superficial landmarks of the body that serve as landmarks to organs below

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3
Q

name planes of body

A

coronal, sagittal , transverse (axial )

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4
Q

two regions of the hand / foot

two movements of a extremity

A

plantar / palmar

flexion and extension

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5
Q

apex of a structure

where is the apex of a heart

A

tip of a structure

bottom

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6
Q

range of motion

A

full distance a joint can be moved

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7
Q

how high are the feet in trendenlenberg position

A

6 to 12 “

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8
Q

what is recovery position used for

A

maintain clear airway in unresponsive pt

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9
Q

3 support structures of skeleton and what they connect

A

ligament- bone to bone
tendon- muscle to bone
cartilage- cushiion between bones

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10
Q

3 types of bone classifications

A

long , short , flat

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11
Q

examples of long bones

A

femur , tibia, fibula, ulna , radius , humerus

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12
Q

examples of short bones

A

bones of wrist , ankle etc

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13
Q

examples of flat bones

A

certain skull bones , ribs, sternum, and scapule

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14
Q

long bone components- 3

A

shaft- diaphysis
ends- epiphysis
growth plate- epiphyeal plate

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15
Q

what is the major site of bone elongation

A

epiphyseal plate

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16
Q

inner and outer layer of long bone

A

peristeum - outside

endosteum- inside

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17
Q

what bone cavity contains bone marrow

A

medullary cavity ( adipose fat- called yellow marrow)

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18
Q

two types of bone

A

compact- solid

cancellous- lacy network of bony rods called trabeculae

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19
Q

joint held together by fibrous tissue

A

symphysis

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20
Q

bone ends are held together by fibrous sac called

A

joint capsule

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21
Q

inner layer of joint

A

synovical membrane- synovical fluid

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22
Q

what kind of joint is the shoulder and hip

A

ball and socket

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23
Q

what joint is fingers, knees and elbow

A

hinge joint

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24
Q

skeleton is divided into 2 main portions

A

appendicular and axial

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25
Q

what makes of appendicular and axial skeleton

A

appendicular- pelvis girdle, shoulder girdle, arms and legs

axial - skull, face, thorax, vertebrae

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26
Q

how many bones are a human , adult and infant

A

206 adult and 226

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27
Q

how many bones are in skull and main locations- 3

and what are the three anatomic groups

A

28 bones
6- auditory
8- cranial
14- face

auditory ossicles, cranium and face

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28
Q

the bones of the skull are connected together at special joints called

A

sutures

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29
Q

what are fontanelles

what age do these usually close

A

fibrous tissue that soften and expand during birth in skull

2

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30
Q

what is a blowout fracture

A

fracture of the orbit, hit to base of skull, blood/CSF from ear ( halo test ), raccoon eyes, battle’s sign

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31
Q

what bones serves as an attachment point for the neck and tongue muscles

A

hyoid bone

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32
Q

major bones of the skull and location- 9

A 
frontal - top anterior portion
parietal- top posterior portion
mandible- lower jaw
maxilla- upper jaw / lip
occipital- lower posterior
temporal- bilateral above ears
orbit- eye socket
zygomatic- upper cheek 
mastoid process- behind ear
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33
Q

where do joints occur

A

when two long bones come in contact

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34
Q

3 main areas on the internal cranial vault

A

anterior, middle and posterior fossa

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35
Q

what separates nasal cavites

A

nasal septum

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36
Q

what joint allows movement of jaw

A

temporomandibular joint

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37
Q

what 3 things lie on either side of the trachea/ esphogas

A

veins , artery , nerves

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38
Q

two types of cartilage in neck

what muscle runs up neck

A

thyroid and cricord cartilage

sternocledio-mastoid muscle

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39
Q

spinal column # of vertebrae and what areas

A

33 total

7- cervical
12- thoracic
5- lumbar
5- sacrum
4- coccyx
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40
Q

vertebrae
c1-
c2

anterior and posterior part of vertebrae

what tunnel protects spinal cord

A

c1- atlas
c2- axis

anterior- body
posterior- bony arch

spinal canal

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41
Q

vertebrae are connected by what

A

ligaments and discs

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42
Q

how many ribs do we have, how many float

middle of chest called

3 sections of sternum

A

12 and 2 float

sternum

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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43
Q

where does trachea enter chest

A

jugular notch

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44
Q

largest structures in chest

A

lungs, heart, great vessels

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45
Q

two components of shoulder girdle

A

scapula and clavicle

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46
Q

what protects the outer shoulder joint

A

acromion process

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47
Q

what is a fluid filled sac between tendon and bone in shoulder that cushions and protects shoulder hip knee

A

bursa

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48
Q

what is top of humerous called that meets shoulder and how many ligaments connect it

A

humerual head and 4

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49
Q

3 parts of hand and location

A

carpal- wrist
metacarpals- hand
phalanges - fingers

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50
Q

how many phalanges does each finger have and how many does thumb

A

3 each finger, 2 in thumb

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51
Q

the carpometacarpal joint ( thumb ) is what kind of joint

A

saddle - 2 planes of movement

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52
Q

what is the pelvis

A

where the lower extremities attach to body

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53
Q

pelvic rings consists of 3 bones formed by

A

sacrum is posterior and coxal bones on each side

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54
Q

each pelvic coxa on both sides is made of 3 fused bones and location

A

ilium- flat part
ischium- lower bone parts
pubis- middle connector on each side

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55
Q

the joints in pelvis

A

2 posterior sacroiliac joints- ilium to sacrum

public symphysis- lower pelvic ring

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56
Q

what does pelvic girdle do

A

supports weight and protects organs

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57
Q

opening between ischium and pubis is called

A

obturator foramen

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58
Q

what socket connects the pelvis to lower extremities

A

acetabulum

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59
Q

parts of the lower extremities down to just before ankle

A 
femoral head
femur
patella
tibia ( shin )
fibula ( posterior)
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60
Q

what forms from tib/ fib to ankle joint

A

medial and lateral malleolus

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61
Q

foot components -4

A

tarsals , metatarsals , phalanges and calcaneus

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62
Q

purpose of bones and muscles

A

bones- protect internal organs, store minerals ( calcium, collagen ) and form blood cells / platelets
muscles- enable movement

persons ability to move, manipulate environment made possible by contraction and relaxation - by product is heat

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63
Q

how many muscles make up musculatory system

A

more than 600

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64
Q

3 types of muscle and general location

A

smooth- blood vessels, intestines
cardiac- heart
skeletal- muscle mass in body- voluntary controlled

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65
Q

main components of respiratory system

A

nose , mouth , throat , larynx , trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

muscles of chest, diaphragm

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66
Q

3 components of pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopaharynx

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67
Q

what are turbinates

A

3 curved bone shelves in nasal passage- forces air even over cilia

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68
Q

two passage ways at bottom of pharynx

A

esophagus and trachea

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69
Q

space between vocal cords that allows air into trachea

A

glottic opening

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70
Q

approx length of trachea

A

5 inches

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71
Q

lower airway , what vertebrae does trachea branch

what is this point called

which bronchi is larger/ angle

A

5th

carina

right is straighter , left more of an angle

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72
Q

parts of lower airway

A

thyroid and cricoid cartilage

trachea, carina to 2 main-stem bronchi, two seconday and tertiary bronci to bronchioles to alveolar ducts to alveoli

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73
Q

where does respiration exchange occur

A

alveolocapillary membrane

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74
Q

how many lobes does each lung contain

A

right - 3 , left 2

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75
Q

membranes of lungs, what surround lungs and what is the spaces between membranes

A

visceral and pariteal plerua

plerual lining

pleural space ( between visercal and partial

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76
Q

4 main muscles of breathing

A

diaphragm, intercostal, abdominal , pectoral

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77
Q

when gases exchange at alveolocapillary membrane its called

A

respiration

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78
Q

what is ventilation

A

process of moving air in and out of lungs

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79
Q

what is diffusion

A

process of which a gas dissolves into a liquid

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80
Q

primary product of metabolism is

A

CO2

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81
Q

what part of the brain controls breathing

A

medulla

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82
Q

what does the brain measure to regulate breathing

what is hypoxic drive

A

partial pressure of CO2 and its effect on pH in CSF/Plasma

measures amount of O2

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83
Q

what is the acid base balance, range and whats its called high and low

A

concentration in the blood
7.35-7.45 pH
under 7.35- acidotic
over 7.45 alkalotic

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84
Q

what buffers act in our body

A

bicarbonate, respiratory , renal

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85
Q

medulla controls breathing, broken down into two respiratory groups, and what they do

second area that helps regulate DRG -and its 2 centers

A

dorsal resp group- pacemaker of breathing and initiaites
ventral- provides force of inspire/expiration

pons 
pneumotaxic ( poutine center )- shorter faster resp
apneustic center- longer , slower
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86
Q

what reflex stops you from breathing in to much

A

hering- breuer reflex

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87
Q

what is tidal volume

A

air moved in a single breath

88
Q

what is inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume

A

deepest breath you can take and amount of air you can forcefully exert out

89
Q

what gas remains in lungs after expiration to keep them inflated

A

residual volume

90
Q

what is the amount of air moved in and out of a person with maximum inspiration and expiration

A

vital capacity

91
Q

how much air does the normal person need in and how much can a BVM deliever

A

500 mL- tidal volume

1000-1200 mL

92
Q

space where no alveoli are present and no gas exhange occurs

A

dead space

93
Q

lung volumes in each category (4)

A

inspiration reserve volume- 3000 mL
expiratory reservce volume- 1200
residual volume - 1200
tidal volume - 500

94
Q

what is minute volume and how is it calculated

A

amount of air moved in and out in a minute

= respiratory rate x tidal volume

95
Q

characteristics of normal breathing

A 
normal rate and depth
regular rhythm
good audible breath sounds
rise and fall movement
movement of abdomen
96
Q

characteristics of inadequate breathing

A 
tripod
laboured
under 12 over 20
cyanotic
diaphoretic
accessory muscles
97
Q

2 circuits of circulatory system

A

systemic - oxygen rich from heart to body and back to right atrium
pulmonary- deoxygenated from heart to lungs and back

98
Q

heart muscle called and sac around heart called

A

myocardium and pericardium

99
Q

visceral layer of heart AKA

A

epicardium

100
Q

visceral and pariteal layer of heart seperated by

A

pericardium fluid

101
Q

interior lining of heart called

A

endocardium

102
Q

order of the heart starting at vena cava

A

Superior and Inferior vena cave
right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventrile
pulmonary semi-lunar valve, pulmonary artery
lungs, pulmonary vein , left atrium, mitral valve
left ventricle , aortic semi lunar valve , aorta , body

103
Q

artery that supplies heart

what vein collects returning blood from the heart walls

A

coronary artery / circumflex branch

coronary sinus

104
Q

complete blockage of a artery supplying the heart muscles

A

myocardial infarction

105
Q

abnormal sounds of the heart

A

murmur( whoosh indicates turbulent blood flow within heart ), bruit ( turbulent blood flow in blood vessel), both click and snaps ( abnormal cardiac function )

106
Q

6 parts of cardiac cycle ( electrical of heart )

A

SA, AV , bundle of His, right and left bundle branches and purkinje fibers

107
Q

define heart
chronotopic state
Dromotopic state
inotropic statie

A

chrono- rate of contraction
dromo- control of electrical conduction
ino- strength of contraction

108
Q

what 3 things control the states of the heart

A

autonomic nervous system
hormones from pancreas
heart tissue

109
Q

what receptors react to changes within heart function

A

baroreceptor- changes in pressure, usually in heart /artery

chemoreceptor- chemical composition of blood

110
Q

name of process that creates pumping of heart

A

cardiac cycle

111
Q

systole and diastole

define pulse pressure

A

contraction / pump of blood
relaxation of heart cycle

difference between systolic / diastolic

112
Q

what is the pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump against is called

A

afterload

113
Q

cardiac output formula

A

amount of blood pumped in 1 minute

stroke volume x heart rate

114
Q

define the characteristic that cardiac muscle when stretched increases stroke volume

A

frank- starling mechanism (starling law)

115
Q

heart pumps out volume that is returned is called

A

ejection fraction

116
Q

pressure at which ventricle fills

A

preload

117
Q

define stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected per contraction

118
Q

route of vascular system

A

artery, arteriole, capillaries , venules , veins

119
Q

3 layers of blood vessel

A

smooth inner- tunica intima
middle - tunica media
outer- tunica adventitia

120
Q

aorta is divided into 3 portions

A

ascending (coronary arteries ), arch and descending

121
Q

aortic arch forms into 3 arteries

A

1- Right carotid, right subclavian , brachiochephalic
2- left carotid
3- left subclavian

122
Q

descending aorta route

A

thoracic- visceral and parietal
abdominal- visceral and parietal , mesenteric to organs
to iliac arteries after pelvis ( 5th lumbar vertebrae)
form femoral , popiteal , 2 foot artery pulses

123
Q

two arteries ( pulses in foot )

A

dorsal pedis

posterior tibual

124
Q

vein in neck and upper and lower extremities

A

NECK jugular vein to subclavian vein to vena cava
UE- basilic/cephalic vein in arms combine to axillary vein
LE- popiteal/ saphenous into femoral, external iliac vein to Inferior vena cava

125
Q

what is the hepatic portal system

A

specialized part of venous system that drains blood form liver, stomach , intestines and spleen

126
Q

blood contains what

A

hemoglobin ,which allows oxygen to bind to it
4 oxygen / hemoglobin

platelets, leukocyctes , plasma

127
Q

how much blood in in human body approx

A

5 L

128
Q

antigens on surface of red blood cells determine

A

ABO blood group

129
Q

white blood cells are named according to appearance

what are the two names and how are they scene

A

granulocytes - have large cytoplasmic granules, can be seen with microscope

agranulocytes - lack the granules

130
Q

white blood cells

4? types of granulocytes
2 types of agranulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinphils and basophils, mast cells?

monocytes and lymphocytes

131
Q

what is sytemic vascular resistance

A

pressure in systemic system the afterload and ventricles must push against

132
Q

amount of blood in
adult
child
infant

A

5 L

2- 3 L

300 mL

133
Q

state of inadequate perfusion

A

shock or hypo-perfusion

134
Q

what do hydrostatic and oncotic pressure do

A

hyrdostatic - pressure on liquid to move from capillaries to interstital space outside a cell

oncotic - plasma and waster from interstital space to capillaries

135
Q

what does the lymphatic system do

A

transport lymph by passive circulation

absorbs fat from digestive tract, maintain fluid balance, fight infection

136
Q

what do lymph vessels do

A

absorb excess fluid away from tissue and return it to central venous system

137
Q

what does it mean when a cell membrane is selectively permeable

A

allows some substances to pass through but not others

allows normal differences in concentrations inside and outside of cell

138
Q

what are electrolytes

A

chemicals dissolved in blood that are made up of salt or acid and have become an ionic conductor when disolved in solvent like water

139
Q

explain diffusion

and what does it depend on

A

movement of solute particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration to produce even distribution

permeability of membrane and concentration gradient ( difference in concentration )

140
Q

explain osmosis

A

movement of solvent ( such as water ) from an low solute concentration to a high concentration through a selective permeable membrane

141
Q

what is osmotic pressure

A

tendency of water to move my osmosis across a membrane

142
Q

define
facilitated diffusion
active transport

A

FD- carrier molecule moves substance from high to low concentration ( no energy required )

AT- movement of substance against gradient ( low to high )
, requires energy , and carrier mechanism

143
Q

body fluid divided into 3 parts

A

intercellular fluid

extracellular fluid ( intravascular -plasma and interstitial )

144
Q

fluid balance maintains homeostasis

this is regulated by what 2 things

A

pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone- absorb more water into blood, urinate less and thirst

and other side- more urination

145
Q

what is most complex organ system in body

A

nervous system

146
Q

nervous system two main parts

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

147
Q

peripheral nervous system breaks down into what

A

somatic- what we control ( voluntary )

autonomic - sympathetic and parasympathetic (involuntary)

148
Q

3 main components of the brain and main purpose

A

cerebrum- controls major functions
cerebellum- body movements
brain stem - control center for life- breath, circulatory

149
Q

spinal cord is an extension of the

and primary function

A

brain stem

transmit messages between body and brain

150
Q

what do meninges do
layers
what do they float in

A

enclose / protect CNS
dura, arachnoid and pia
cerebrospinal fluid

151
Q

what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic - voluntary control
autonomic - involuntary
- sympathetic - flight of flight
- parasympathetic - return to normal, slow

152
Q

two types of nerves in peripheral nervous system and purpose

A

sensory- carry info from body to CNS

motor- carry info from CNS to muscles of body

153
Q

how many nerves arise from base of brain

A

12 pairs

154
Q

skin is divided into two parts

A

superficial epidermis and deeper dermis

155
Q

base layer of epidermis is and its function

A

germinal layer - produce new cells ( does get some blood vessel supply )

156
Q

2 layers below epidermis and their function

A

dermis- sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles - blood vessels lie in dermis

subcutaneous layer- insulator , anchor skin to structure

muscles and skeleton

157
Q

what is a mucous membrane

A

protective barrier like skin, but secrete mucous

line entire GI tract

158
Q

what is the largest organ in the body

and 3 main functions

A

skin

regulate temp, protection, transmit enviroment info to brain

159
Q

organs in RUQ

A

liver, gallbladder, portion of colon and small intestine

160
Q

organs in LUQ

A

stomach, spleen, portion of colon and small intestine

161
Q

organs in RLQ

A

two parts of large intestine
cecum- start of colon from SI
and asecending colon
appendix

162
Q

organs in LLQ

A

desending colon and simoid part of colon

163
Q

how many salivary glands are in mouth and how much saliva do they produce

what does saliva do

A

2 glands and 1.5 L (98 % water )

serves as binder to food that is being swallowed/lubed

164
Q

what is the esophagus and its length

A

collapsible tube and 10 “

165
Q

stomach converts food to semi solid mass called

A

chyme, 1.5 L gastric juice daily

166
Q

two parts of pancreas

and what does it produce

A

exocrine- juice for digestion etc ( use for getting rid of from body)
endocine- insulin, glucagon ( use in body )

167
Q

what does liver do

A

renders poisonous digest substances harmless
produces bile
forms factors for clotting, blood, immune system
filters blood
stores sugar for immediate use

168
Q

purpose of small intestine and 3 parts

A

90% of digestion

duodenum(12”), jejunum and ileum( together 20”)

169
Q

purpose of large intestine and 3 parts

A

absorb water, produce stool

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid , rectum, anus

170
Q

appendix and rectum

A

appendix- 3-4” opens in cecum ( first part of LI)

rectum- storage of feces- sphinter

171
Q

rough 4 steps of digestion

A 
convert foot to sugar, amino acids, fatty acids
abosrbed in SI
tranported to liver
liver processes and stores
transport to heart
nutrients in circulatory system
172
Q

what do glands do

A

remove , concentrate , alter materials in blood

secrete hormones

173
Q

glands secrete proteins called

A

hormones

174
Q

what are agonists

A

molecules that bind to cell receptor sites to produce action or effect

antagonists bind to cell to block action of agonists

175
Q

what gland is called the master gland that secretes hormones to control other endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

176
Q

what is the primary link between the endocrine system and the nervous system

A

hypothalamus

177
Q

what is thyroid gland and hormone role

what does it secrete

A

located in neck- growth , development , metabolism

calcitonin ( calcium lvls in blood )

178
Q

pancreas produces 2 things

A

( beta cell )insulin- metabolism of sugar and amino / fatty acids
(alpha cell )glucagon- stimulate breakdown of glycogen to glucose
- also stimulates liver/ kidneys to produce glucose

179
Q

where are adrenal glands and what do they do

A

on top of kidneys

sex hormones, salt / water balance, epinephrine- ( sympathetic nervous system

180
Q

reproductive glands and what they produce

A

testes- testosterone

ovaries- estrogen , progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG)- (fetus)

181
Q

function or urinary system

A

fluid balance, eliminate waste, control pH

182
Q

route of urinary system

how much urine a day produced in health adult

A

kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethera

1.5 to 2 L daily

183
Q

body cells require 3 things

A

nutrients, oxygen and waste removal

184
Q

what is pathophysiology

A

study of functional changes when body reacts to disease

185
Q

he cranial nerves are a part of which nervous system?

A

Peripheral nervous system

186
Q

Which of the following pairs of cranial nerves only carry sensory fibers

A

Olfactory ( smell), optic,(eyes) and vestibulocochlear( auditory )

187
Q

the renin-angiotensin system in the kidneys helps to regulate

A

blood pressure

188
Q

Phagocytosis is the process by which

A

monocytes digest microbes

189
Q

As an electrical impulse travels down the electrical conduction system, it transiently slows at the:

A

AV node

190
Q

What is the function of a baroreceptor?

A

Monitoring changes in arterial pressure.

191
Q

part of the hemoglobin that is not recycled is

A

bilirubin

192
Q

During an allergic reaction, basophils release histamines and heparin. What respective roles do these chemicals play?

A

Increase tissue inflammation and inhibit blood clotting.

193
Q

The thyroid gland is responsible for the:

A

metabolism rate

194
Q

he ascending reticular activating system in the brain is responsible for:

A

maintaining consciousness.

195
Q

Release of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland is triggered by and why

A

stress , secretes cortisol that causes most body cells to increase energy production

196
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is manufactured in the:

A

Pia and arachnoid

ventricles of brain

197
Q

The total body water of an average adult is approximately:

A

60 %

198
Q

By the end of the first year of life, a child’s tidal volume typically ranges between:

A

10-15 mL/kg

199
Q

The majority of the body’s total body water is contained within the:

A

intracellular space.

200
Q

The heart muscle lies within a space in the thoracic cavity called the:

A

mediastinum

201
Q

Which layer of the heart would be penetrated during an emergent medical procedure in order to remove fluid?

A

Pericardium

202
Q

Shortly after its point of origin, the subclavian artery gives rise to the:

A

vertebral arteries.

203
Q

In relation to the trachea, where is the thyroid gland located?

A

. Laterally

204
Q

What happens when systemic vasoconstriction occurs?

A

Afterload increases.

205
Q

what is peristalsis

A

series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food

206
Q

what does the vagus nerve control

A

main parasympathetic nerve in body ( like slowing heart rate )
soft palate, pharynx and larynx
sensory from aorta
baroreceptors (pressure)
Chemo-receptors ( o2 saturation )
sensory info from organs in thorax and abdomen

207
Q

the phrenic nerve originates where

and function

A

cervical 3,4,5
contain motor, sensory, and sympathetic nerve fibers
motor nerves to diaphragm

208
Q

sounds of heart

s1, s2, s3, s4

A

s1- sudden close of mitral and tricuspid valve
s2- sudeen close of aortic and pulmonary valve
s3- rapid ventricular filling prior to lub
s4- decreased strech of L ventricle, increased pressure in atria ( sound after dub )

209
Q

what is normal pH range

what is acidosis and alkalosis

A

7.35-7.45

below 7.35 acidosis

210
Q

adult tidal volume calculation

A

5 mL/KG

211
Q

The limbic system, a portion of the cerebrum and diencephalon, contains structures that:

A

influence emotions and mood.

212
Q

The point where the first cervical vertebra (C1) articulates with the base of the skull is called the:

A

atlanto-occipital joint

213
Q

diminished proprioception

A

the ability to know where various parts of the body are located in relation to each other

214
Q

calulating blood volume

A

kg x 70 ml/KG ( men )

kg x 65 mL/KG ( women )

215
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Filtration of debris and bacteria from the blood.

216
Q

4 pacemakers of heart

A

automaticity
excitability
conductivity
contractility

R.Scott PMA Midterm 2 (11 decks)

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