Unit 10- Chapter 5 Flashcards
(216 cards)
1
Q
Define Anatomy Gross anatomy microscopic anatomy physiology pathophysiology
A
anatomy- structure / components of organism
gross - body parts that are visible to naked eye
microscopic- small- in microscope
physiology- study of body functions
patho- study of body functions in abnormal state
2
Q
define topographic anatomy
A
superficial landmarks of the body that serve as landmarks to organs below
3
Q
name planes of body
A
coronal, sagittal , transverse (axial )
4
Q
two regions of the hand / foot
two movements of a extremity
A
plantar / palmar
flexion and extension
5
Q
apex of a structure
where is the apex of a heart
A
tip of a structure
bottom
6
Q
range of motion
A
full distance a joint can be moved
7
Q
how high are the feet in trendenlenberg position
A
6 to 12 “
8
Q
what is recovery position used for
A
maintain clear airway in unresponsive pt
9
Q
3 support structures of skeleton and what they connect
A
ligament- bone to bone
tendon- muscle to bone
cartilage- cushiion between bones
10
Q
3 types of bone classifications
A
long , short , flat
11
Q
examples of long bones
A
femur , tibia, fibula, ulna , radius , humerus
12
Q
examples of short bones
A
bones of wrist , ankle etc
13
Q
examples of flat bones
A
certain skull bones , ribs, sternum, and scapule
14
Q
long bone components- 3
A
shaft- diaphysis
ends- epiphysis
growth plate- epiphyeal plate
15
Q
what is the major site of bone elongation
A
epiphyseal plate
16
Q
inner and outer layer of long bone
A
peristeum - outside
endosteum- inside
17
Q
what bone cavity contains bone marrow
A
medullary cavity ( adipose fat- called yellow marrow)
18
Q
two types of bone
A
compact- solid
cancellous- lacy network of bony rods called trabeculae
19
Q
joint held together by fibrous tissue
A
symphysis
20
Q
bone ends are held together by fibrous sac called
A
joint capsule
21
Q
inner layer of joint
A
synovical membrane- synovical fluid
22
Q
what kind of joint is the shoulder and hip
A
ball and socket
23
Q
what joint is fingers, knees and elbow
A
hinge joint
24
Q
skeleton is divided into 2 main portions
A
appendicular and axial
25
what makes of appendicular and axial skeleton
appendicular- pelvis girdle, shoulder girdle, arms and legs
| axial - skull, face, thorax, vertebrae
26
how many bones are a human , adult and infant
206 adult and 226
27
how many bones are in skull and main locations- 3
and what are the three anatomic groups
28 bones
6- auditory
8- cranial
14- face
auditory ossicles, cranium and face
28
the bones of the skull are connected together at special joints called
sutures
29
what are fontanelles
what age do these usually close
fibrous tissue that soften and expand during birth in skull
2
30
what is a blowout fracture
fracture of the orbit, hit to base of skull, blood/CSF from ear ( halo test ), raccoon eyes, battle's sign
31
what bones serves as an attachment point for the neck and tongue muscles
hyoid bone
32
major bones of the skull and location- 9
```
frontal - top anterior portion
parietal- top posterior portion
mandible- lower jaw
maxilla- upper jaw / lip
occipital- lower posterior
temporal- bilateral above ears
orbit- eye socket
zygomatic- upper cheek
mastoid process- behind ear
```
33
where do joints occur
when two long bones come in contact
34
3 main areas on the internal cranial vault
anterior, middle and posterior fossa
35
what separates nasal cavites
nasal septum
36
what joint allows movement of jaw
temporomandibular joint
37
what 3 things lie on either side of the trachea/ esphogas
veins , artery , nerves
38
two types of cartilage in neck
what muscle runs up neck
thyroid and cricord cartilage
sternocledio-mastoid muscle
39
spinal column # of vertebrae and what areas
33 total
```
7- cervical
12- thoracic
5- lumbar
5- sacrum
4- coccyx
```
40
vertebrae
c1-
c2
anterior and posterior part of vertebrae
what tunnel protects spinal cord
c1- atlas
c2- axis
anterior- body
posterior- bony arch
spinal canal
41
vertebrae are connected by what
ligaments and discs
42
how many ribs do we have, how many float
middle of chest called
3 sections of sternum
12 and 2 float
sternum
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
43
where does trachea enter chest
jugular notch
44
largest structures in chest
lungs, heart, great vessels
45
two components of shoulder girdle
scapula and clavicle
46
what protects the outer shoulder joint
acromion process
47
what is a fluid filled sac between tendon and bone in shoulder that cushions and protects shoulder hip knee
bursa
48
what is top of humerous called that meets shoulder and how many ligaments connect it
humerual head and 4
49
3 parts of hand and location
carpal- wrist
metacarpals- hand
phalanges - fingers
50
how many phalanges does each finger have and how many does thumb
3 each finger, 2 in thumb
51
the carpometacarpal joint ( thumb ) is what kind of joint
saddle - 2 planes of movement
52
what is the pelvis
where the lower extremities attach to body
53
pelvic rings consists of 3 bones formed by
sacrum is posterior and coxal bones on each side
54
each pelvic coxa on both sides is made of 3 fused bones and location
ilium- flat part
ischium- lower bone parts
pubis- middle connector on each side
55
the joints in pelvis
2 posterior sacroiliac joints- ilium to sacrum
| public symphysis- lower pelvic ring
56
what does pelvic girdle do
supports weight and protects organs
57
opening between ischium and pubis is called
obturator foramen
58
what socket connects the pelvis to lower extremities
acetabulum
59
parts of the lower extremities down to just before ankle
```
femoral head
femur
patella
tibia ( shin )
fibula ( posterior)
```
60
what forms from tib/ fib to ankle joint
medial and lateral malleolus
61
foot components -4
tarsals , metatarsals , phalanges and calcaneus
62
purpose of bones and muscles
bones- protect internal organs, store minerals ( calcium, collagen ) and form blood cells / platelets
muscles- enable movement
persons ability to move, manipulate environment made possible by contraction and relaxation - by product is heat
63
how many muscles make up musculatory system
more than 600
64
3 types of muscle and general location
smooth- blood vessels, intestines
cardiac- heart
skeletal- muscle mass in body- voluntary controlled
65
main components of respiratory system
nose , mouth , throat , larynx , trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
muscles of chest, diaphragm
66
3 components of pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopaharynx
67
what are turbinates
3 curved bone shelves in nasal passage- forces air even over cilia
68
two passage ways at bottom of pharynx
esophagus and trachea
69
space between vocal cords that allows air into trachea
glottic opening
70
approx length of trachea
5 inches
71
lower airway , what vertebrae does trachea branch
what is this point called
which bronchi is larger/ angle
5th
carina
right is straighter , left more of an angle
72
parts of lower airway
thyroid and cricoid cartilage
| trachea, carina to 2 main-stem bronchi, two seconday and tertiary bronci to bronchioles to alveolar ducts to alveoli
73
where does respiration exchange occur
alveolocapillary membrane
74
how many lobes does each lung contain
right - 3 , left 2
75
membranes of lungs, what surround lungs and what is the spaces between membranes
visceral and pariteal plerua
plerual lining
pleural space ( between visercal and partial
76
4 main muscles of breathing
diaphragm, intercostal, abdominal , pectoral
77
when gases exchange at alveolocapillary membrane its called
respiration
78
what is ventilation
process of moving air in and out of lungs
79
what is diffusion
process of which a gas dissolves into a liquid
80
primary product of metabolism is
CO2
81
what part of the brain controls breathing
medulla
82
what does the brain measure to regulate breathing
what is hypoxic drive
partial pressure of CO2 and its effect on pH in CSF/Plasma
measures amount of O2
83
what is the acid base balance, range and whats its called high and low
concentration in the blood
7.35-7.45 pH
under 7.35- acidotic
over 7.45 alkalotic
84
what buffers act in our body
bicarbonate, respiratory , renal
85
medulla controls breathing, broken down into two respiratory groups, and what they do
second area that helps regulate DRG -and its 2 centers
dorsal resp group- pacemaker of breathing and initiaites
ventral- provides force of inspire/expiration
```
pons
pneumotaxic ( poutine center )- shorter faster resp
apneustic center- longer , slower
```
86
what reflex stops you from breathing in to much
hering- breuer reflex
87
what is tidal volume
air moved in a single breath
88
what is inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume
deepest breath you can take and amount of air you can forcefully exert out
89
what gas remains in lungs after expiration to keep them inflated
residual volume
90
what is the amount of air moved in and out of a person with maximum inspiration and expiration
vital capacity
91
how much air does the normal person need in and how much can a BVM deliever
500 mL- tidal volume
1000-1200 mL
92
space where no alveoli are present and no gas exhange occurs
dead space
93
lung volumes in each category (4)
inspiration reserve volume- 3000 mL
expiratory reservce volume- 1200
residual volume - 1200
tidal volume - 500
94
what is minute volume and how is it calculated
amount of air moved in and out in a minute
= respiratory rate x tidal volume
95
characteristics of normal breathing
```
normal rate and depth
regular rhythm
good audible breath sounds
rise and fall movement
movement of abdomen
```
96
characteristics of inadequate breathing
```
tripod
laboured
under 12 over 20
cyanotic
diaphoretic
accessory muscles
```
97
2 circuits of circulatory system
systemic - oxygen rich from heart to body and back to right atrium
pulmonary- deoxygenated from heart to lungs and back
98
heart muscle called and sac around heart called
myocardium and pericardium
99
visceral layer of heart AKA
epicardium
100
visceral and pariteal layer of heart seperated by
pericardium fluid
101
interior lining of heart called
endocardium
102
order of the heart starting at vena cava
Superior and Inferior vena cave
right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventrile
pulmonary semi-lunar valve, pulmonary artery
lungs, pulmonary vein , left atrium, mitral valve
left ventricle , aortic semi lunar valve , aorta , body
103
artery that supplies heart
what vein collects returning blood from the heart walls
coronary artery / circumflex branch
coronary sinus
104
complete blockage of a artery supplying the heart muscles
myocardial infarction
105
abnormal sounds of the heart
murmur( whoosh indicates turbulent blood flow within heart ), bruit ( turbulent blood flow in blood vessel), both click and snaps ( abnormal cardiac function )
106
6 parts of cardiac cycle ( electrical of heart )
SA, AV , bundle of His, right and left bundle branches and purkinje fibers
107
define heart
chronotopic state
Dromotopic state
inotropic statie
chrono- rate of contraction
dromo- control of electrical conduction
ino- strength of contraction
108
what 3 things control the states of the heart
autonomic nervous system
hormones from pancreas
heart tissue
109
what receptors react to changes within heart function
baroreceptor- changes in pressure, usually in heart /artery
| chemoreceptor- chemical composition of blood
110
name of process that creates pumping of heart
cardiac cycle
111
systole and diastole
define pulse pressure
contraction / pump of blood
relaxation of heart cycle
difference between systolic / diastolic
112
what is the pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump against is called
afterload
113
cardiac output formula
amount of blood pumped in 1 minute
stroke volume x heart rate
114
define the characteristic that cardiac muscle when stretched increases stroke volume
frank- starling mechanism (starling law)
115
heart pumps out volume that is returned is called
ejection fraction
116
pressure at which ventricle fills
preload
117
define stroke volume
amount of blood ejected per contraction
118
route of vascular system
artery, arteriole, capillaries , venules , veins
119
3 layers of blood vessel
smooth inner- tunica intima
middle - tunica media
outer- tunica adventitia
120
aorta is divided into 3 portions
ascending (coronary arteries ), arch and descending
121
aortic arch forms into 3 arteries
1- Right carotid, right subclavian , brachiochephalic
2- left carotid
3- left subclavian
122
descending aorta route
thoracic- visceral and parietal
abdominal- visceral and parietal , mesenteric to organs
to iliac arteries after pelvis ( 5th lumbar vertebrae)
form femoral , popiteal , 2 foot artery pulses
123
two arteries ( pulses in foot )
dorsal pedis
| posterior tibual
124
vein in neck and upper and lower extremities
NECK jugular vein to subclavian vein to vena cava
UE- basilic/cephalic vein in arms combine to axillary vein
LE- popiteal/ saphenous into femoral, external iliac vein to Inferior vena cava
125
what is the hepatic portal system
specialized part of venous system that drains blood form liver, stomach , intestines and spleen
126
blood contains what
hemoglobin ,which allows oxygen to bind to it
4 oxygen / hemoglobin
platelets, leukocyctes , plasma
127
how much blood in in human body approx
5 L
128
antigens on surface of red blood cells determine
ABO blood group
129
white blood cells are named according to appearance
what are the two names and how are they scene
granulocytes - have large cytoplasmic granules, can be seen with microscope
agranulocytes - lack the granules
130
white blood cells
4? types of granulocytes
2 types of agranulocytes
neutrophils, eosinphils and basophils, mast cells?
monocytes and lymphocytes
131
what is sytemic vascular resistance
pressure in systemic system the afterload and ventricles must push against
132
amount of blood in
adult
child
infant
5 L
2- 3 L
300 mL
133
state of inadequate perfusion
shock or hypo-perfusion
134
what do hydrostatic and oncotic pressure do
hyrdostatic - pressure on liquid to move from capillaries to interstital space outside a cell
oncotic - plasma and waster from interstital space to capillaries
135
what does the lymphatic system do
transport lymph by passive circulation
absorbs fat from digestive tract, maintain fluid balance, fight infection
136
what do lymph vessels do
absorb excess fluid away from tissue and return it to central venous system
137
what does it mean when a cell membrane is selectively permeable
allows some substances to pass through but not others
allows normal differences in concentrations inside and outside of cell
138
what are electrolytes
chemicals dissolved in blood that are made up of salt or acid and have become an ionic conductor when disolved in solvent like water
139
explain diffusion
and what does it depend on
movement of solute particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration to produce even distribution
permeability of membrane and concentration gradient ( difference in concentration )
140
explain osmosis
movement of solvent ( such as water ) from an low solute concentration to a high concentration through a selective permeable membrane
141
what is osmotic pressure
tendency of water to move my osmosis across a membrane
142
define
facilitated diffusion
active transport
FD- carrier molecule moves substance from high to low concentration ( no energy required )
AT- movement of substance against gradient ( low to high )
, requires energy , and carrier mechanism
143
body fluid divided into 3 parts
intercellular fluid
extracellular fluid ( intravascular -plasma and interstitial )
144
fluid balance maintains homeostasis
this is regulated by what 2 things
pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone- absorb more water into blood, urinate less and thirst
and other side- more urination
145
what is most complex organ system in body
nervous system
146
nervous system two main parts
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
147
peripheral nervous system breaks down into what
somatic- what we control ( voluntary )
| autonomic - sympathetic and parasympathetic (involuntary)
148
3 main components of the brain and main purpose
cerebrum- controls major functions
cerebellum- body movements
brain stem - control center for life- breath, circulatory
149
spinal cord is an extension of the
and primary function
brain stem
transmit messages between body and brain
150
what do meninges do
layers
what do they float in
enclose / protect CNS
dura, arachnoid and pia
cerebrospinal fluid
151
what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system
somatic - voluntary control
autonomic - involuntary
- sympathetic - flight of flight
- parasympathetic - return to normal, slow
152
two types of nerves in peripheral nervous system and purpose
sensory- carry info from body to CNS
| motor- carry info from CNS to muscles of body
153
how many nerves arise from base of brain
12 pairs
154
skin is divided into two parts
superficial epidermis and deeper dermis
155
base layer of epidermis is and its function
germinal layer - produce new cells ( does get some blood vessel supply )
156
2 layers below epidermis and their function
dermis- sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles - blood vessels lie in dermis
subcutaneous layer- insulator , anchor skin to structure
muscles and skeleton
157
what is a mucous membrane
protective barrier like skin, but secrete mucous
line entire GI tract
158
what is the largest organ in the body
and 3 main functions
skin
regulate temp, protection, transmit enviroment info to brain
159
organs in RUQ
liver, gallbladder, portion of colon and small intestine
160
organs in LUQ
stomach, spleen, portion of colon and small intestine
161
organs in RLQ
two parts of large intestine
cecum- start of colon from SI
and asecending colon
appendix
162
organs in LLQ
desending colon and simoid part of colon
163
how many salivary glands are in mouth and how much saliva do they produce
what does saliva do
2 glands and 1.5 L (98 % water )
serves as binder to food that is being swallowed/lubed
164
what is the esophagus and its length
collapsible tube and 10 "
165
stomach converts food to semi solid mass called
chyme, 1.5 L gastric juice daily
166
two parts of pancreas
and what does it produce
exocrine- juice for digestion etc ( use for getting rid of from body)
endocine- insulin, glucagon ( use in body )
167
what does liver do
renders poisonous digest substances harmless
produces bile
forms factors for clotting, blood, immune system
filters blood
stores sugar for immediate use
168
purpose of small intestine and 3 parts
90% of digestion
duodenum(12"), jejunum and ileum( together 20")
169
purpose of large intestine and 3 parts
absorb water, produce stool
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid , rectum, anus
170
appendix and rectum
appendix- 3-4" opens in cecum ( first part of LI)
rectum- storage of feces- sphinter
171
rough 4 steps of digestion
```
convert foot to sugar, amino acids, fatty acids
abosrbed in SI
tranported to liver
liver processes and stores
transport to heart
nutrients in circulatory system
```
172
what do glands do
remove , concentrate , alter materials in blood
| secrete hormones
173
glands secrete proteins called
hormones
174
what are agonists
molecules that bind to cell receptor sites to produce action or effect
antagonists bind to cell to block action of agonists
175
what gland is called the master gland that secretes hormones to control other endocrine glands
pituitary gland
176
what is the primary link between the endocrine system and the nervous system
hypothalamus
177
what is thyroid gland and hormone role
| what does it secrete
located in neck- growth , development , metabolism
| calcitonin ( calcium lvls in blood )
178
pancreas produces 2 things
( beta cell )insulin- metabolism of sugar and amino / fatty acids
(alpha cell )glucagon- stimulate breakdown of glycogen to glucose
- also stimulates liver/ kidneys to produce glucose
179
where are adrenal glands and what do they do
on top of kidneys
sex hormones, salt / water balance, epinephrine- ( sympathetic nervous system
180
reproductive glands and what they produce
testes- testosterone
| ovaries- estrogen , progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG)- (fetus)
181
function or urinary system
fluid balance, eliminate waste, control pH
182
route of urinary system
how much urine a day produced in health adult
kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethera
1.5 to 2 L daily
183
body cells require 3 things
nutrients, oxygen and waste removal
184
what is pathophysiology
study of functional changes when body reacts to disease
185
he cranial nerves are a part of which nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system
186
Which of the following pairs of cranial nerves only carry sensory fibers
Olfactory ( smell), optic,(eyes) and vestibulocochlear( auditory )
187
the renin-angiotensin system in the kidneys helps to regulate
blood pressure
188
Phagocytosis is the process by which
monocytes digest microbes
189
As an electrical impulse travels down the electrical conduction system, it transiently slows at the:
AV node
190
What is the function of a baroreceptor?
Monitoring changes in arterial pressure.
191
part of the hemoglobin that is not recycled is
bilirubin
192
During an allergic reaction, basophils release histamines and heparin. What respective roles do these chemicals play?
Increase tissue inflammation and inhibit blood clotting.
193
The thyroid gland is responsible for the:
metabolism rate
194
he ascending reticular activating system in the brain is responsible for:
maintaining consciousness.
195
Release of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland is triggered by and why
stress , secretes cortisol that causes most body cells to increase energy production
196
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is manufactured in the:
Pia and arachnoid
| ventricles of brain
197
The total body water of an average adult is approximately:
60 %
198
By the end of the first year of life, a child's tidal volume typically ranges between:
10-15 mL/kg
199
The majority of the body's total body water is contained within the:
intracellular space.
200
The heart muscle lies within a space in the thoracic cavity called the:
mediastinum
201
Which layer of the heart would be penetrated during an emergent medical procedure in order to remove fluid?
Pericardium
202
Shortly after its point of origin, the subclavian artery gives rise to the:
vertebral arteries.
203
In relation to the trachea, where is the thyroid gland located?
. Laterally
204
What happens when systemic vasoconstriction occurs?
Afterload increases.
205
what is peristalsis
series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food
206
what does the vagus nerve control
main parasympathetic nerve in body ( like slowing heart rate )
soft palate, pharynx and larynx
sensory from aorta
baroreceptors (pressure)
Chemo-receptors ( o2 saturation )
sensory info from organs in thorax and abdomen
207
the phrenic nerve originates where
| and function
cervical 3,4,5
contain motor, sensory, and sympathetic nerve fibers
motor nerves to diaphragm
208
sounds of heart
| s1, s2, s3, s4
s1- sudden close of mitral and tricuspid valve
s2- sudeen close of aortic and pulmonary valve
s3- rapid ventricular filling prior to lub
s4- decreased strech of L ventricle, increased pressure in atria ( sound after dub )
209
what is normal pH range
| what is acidosis and alkalosis
7.35-7.45
| below 7.35 acidosis
210
adult tidal volume calculation
5 mL/KG
211
The limbic system, a portion of the cerebrum and diencephalon, contains structures that:
influence emotions and mood.
212
The point where the first cervical vertebra (C1) articulates with the base of the skull is called the:
atlanto-occipital joint
213
diminished proprioception
the ability to know where various parts of the body are located in relation to each other
214
calulating blood volume
kg x 70 ml/KG ( men )
kg x 65 mL/KG ( women )
215
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Filtration of debris and bacteria from the blood.
216
4 pacemakers of heart
automaticity
excitability
conductivity
contractility
