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Pop rock and soul music > Unit 14 > Flashcards

Unit 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Funk

A

An R&B-derived style that developed in the 1970s, primarily under the guidance of George Clinton. It is characterized mainly by dense textures (bands may include eight or more musicians) and complex, often 16-beat rhythms.

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2
Q

James Brown

A

The “father of funk” and “godfather of soul”. The path from soul to funk went through James Brown. Funk musicians built their music on both the basic concept of Brown’s music and many of its key features- we see this in “Thank You” (Sly and the family stone, 1970).

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3
Q

Sly Stone

A

Black DJ who became a bandleader and producer. Created an integrated band called Sly and the family stone, including black and white and male and female artists.

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4
Q

When was Sly and the family stone popular?

A

1968-1972

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5
Q

Sixteen beat rhythm

A

A rhythmic template in which the fastest rhythmic layer moves four times the speed of the beat: 4 times per beat × 4 beats = 16-beat rhythm. First popularized in disco and funk, it has been the most widely used rhythmic template since the early 1980s.

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6
Q

Sly and the family stone

A

Funk band lead by Sly stone. Their music had a “looseness” that people wanted to dance to. Many of their songs had a strong political and social message, implying that the civil rights movement did not eliminate hatred

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7
Q

What was a growing trend in Afro-centric music starting in the early 1970s?

A

Powerful lyrics over infectious rhythms. There is a contradiction between the sharp social commentary in the lyrics and the seduction of the beat. There are 2 ways to interpret this: to view the music as a tool to expose listeners to the message of the words, or to understand the music as a means of removing the sting of the conditions described in the lyrics: lose yourself in the music, to avoid simply losing it.

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8
Q

What is the influence of Sly and the family stone’s music?

A

Their influence is evident in a wide range of music from the 1970s and beyond- it led most directly to funk and especially the music of George Clinton

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9
Q

Disco

A

The dominant dance music of the late 1970s, it took its name from its venue rather than its beat.

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10
Q

When was disco popular?

A

Late 1970s-early 1980s

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11
Q

What was the influence of disco?

A

Disco’s tendency toward active rhythms and electronic instruments led to their use in several genres. Shaped a lot of post 1980 music- rap, pop, techno, and rock fusions

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12
Q

Typical features of disco (4)?

A
  1. A bass drum like sound on each beat and a heavy backbeat
  2. Active rhythms, often at a 16 beat speed
  3. Strong bass lines and fast, choked guitar
  4. Rich instrumentation (strings, extra percussion, horns) and their synthesized analogs.
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13
Q

George Clinton

A

Black founder of Parliament and Funkadelic- eventually both names were used for the same band (brought together funk and psychedelic rock. His lyrics contained darker messages under humorous packages. There is an escapist aspect to his work- relief from the pain of being a black person in the US

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14
Q

Who influenced George Clinton’s music?

A

James Brown and Sly and the family stone- used several former members of James Brown’s band

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15
Q

When was George Clinton popular?

A

1970s

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16
Q

Maurice White

A

Black founder and leader of earth, wind, and fire. He sang and played kalimba (African thumb piano).

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17
Q

Earth, wind, and fire

A

Large black band. The nucleus was Maurice White, Verdine White (bass), and Philip Bailey (vocals). Juxtaposed funk and more melodious music- was one of the few 70s acts that succeeded at blending funk and black pop.

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18
Q

What types of music did funk influence?

A

Rap most significantly, as well as disco and black pop music

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19
Q

When was earth, wind, and fire popular?

A

Started in 1971, were most popular by 1975

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20
Q

Reggae

A

Jamaican music that suggested the legacy of colonialism following political independence. The most widely known Jamaican popular music, it has a distinctive, intoxicating rhythm. It emerged around 1970 in the music of Jimmy Cliff, Bob Marley, and others.

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21
Q

When did Jamaica gain independence from Britain?

A
  1. However, the economic and social inequities of colonialism didn’t keep pace with political changes.
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22
Q

What was a result of Jamaica’s social inequities following colonialism?

A

One result was a great deal of social unrest in the sixties.

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23
Q

“Rude boys”

A

Disenfranchised young black Jamaicans who personified the violent dimension of Jamaica’s social unrest. They were sharp dressers and often carried sharp knives and guns. For many Jamaicans, including the police, they were outlaws. Others, however, saw them as heroes.

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24
Q

Marcus Garvey

A

A Jamaican who advocated for black power in the US in the 1920s, blending church and state. He pressed for an African homeland that former slaves could return to and also prophesied that Jesus would come again as a black man

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25
Q

Rastafarianism

A

A consequence of Garvey’s crusade to elevate people of African decent. They believed that the emperor of Ethiopia (Prince Rasta Fari) was Jesus, and believed that they were descendants of the 12 tribes of Israel. These are the religious dimension of Rastafarians’ efforts to promote a more positive image of Africa and Africans.

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26
Q

Mento

A

The Jamaican popular music of the early 1950s.

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27
Q

How did rhythm and blues influence Jamaican music?

A

Many young Jamaicans listened to American radio stations and rhythm and blues. Sound systems (trucks that acted as mobile discos) were another way to hear new music from America

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28
Q

Ska

A

The dominant Jamaican popular music through the first part of the 1960s. The most distinctive feature of ska is a strong afterbeat: a strong, crisp chunk on the latter part of each beat. This was a Jamaican take on the shuffle rhythm heard in so much fifties R&B.

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29
Q

Rock steady

A

Ska’s evolution in the latter half of the sixties, in which musicians added a backbeat layer over the afterbeats.

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30
Q

When was reggae developed?

A

It was developed around 1970 in Jamaica and found a place in the UK in the mid 1970s

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31
Q

Jimmy Cliff

A

One of the first reggae stars, his songs addressed issues of social injustice and police brutality. Contrasted happy sounding music with darker lyrics, as was characteristic of reggae

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32
Q

When was Jimmy Cliff popular?

A

By 1972, he had an international reputation

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33
Q

When was Bob Marley popular?

A

His career took off in 1964, and he was very popular in Jamaica by the early 1970s.

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34
Q

Bob Marley

A

Reggae artist that also worked for meaningful change in Jamaican society. He became the decade’s most visible spokesperson for peace and brotherhood, carrying the torch of sixties social activism and idealism into the seventies.

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35
Q

Why was reggae so popular outside of Jamaica?

A

Likely due to the heavy concentrations of Jamaicans in England. Great Britain experienced a large amount of immigrants from the colonies as part of its transition from colonialism. Jamaicans in England re created their culture.

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36
Q

Why did reggae appeal to British musicians?

A

British musicians in search of “real” music used characteristics of reggae and ska as an alternative to blues. A wave of new British acts, like the Police, wove the fresh sounds of reggae into their music.

37
Q

How did reggae become popular in the US?

A

Reggae’s path to the US was roundabout, and it didn’t find an audience in the US until after it became popular in England. Once it did, its influence was more diverse and more divorced from the music’s social context

38
Q

How did Jamaican music influence African American music (2)?

A
  1. Reggae embedded the pulse of a song in its distinctive mid-range rhythms, so bass players were free to roam at will independent of a specific rhythmic or harmonic role. Black pop musicians used this principle to liberate the bass from a timekeeping role
  2. Toasting was not just from reggae, but from Jamaican street parties, and was a forerunner of rap
39
Q

Toasting

A

The practice developed by Jamaican disc jockeys of delivering a steady stream of patter. Much of it was topical, even personal: they would pick out, and sometimes pick on, people in the crowd that had gathered around. Toasting is a direct forerunner of rap: both initially featured topical, humorous commentary over pre-existing music.

40
Q

Disco is short for

A

Discotheque- a French word for record library. It was originally used as a code word for underground nightclubs where jazz records were played, and were run like American speakeasies due to German occupation at the time (WW2)

41
Q

When did discothèques begin to open in the US?

A

1960- a new club culture began to thrive by the end of the 1960s- people wanted new dance music in less exclusive and less expensive venues

42
Q

What kind of music was played in discos?

A

The new, danceable black music of the late 1960s and early 1970s- Stevie Wonder, Sly and the family stone, etc., and Philadelphia acts such as the O’Jays

43
Q

What groups of people typically went to clubs in the early 1970s?

A

Blacks, Latinos, working class women, and gay people (clubbing was a chance to come out of the closet/express themselves). These groups were still marginalized despite the rights movements of the 1960s

44
Q

Disco

A

A dance music that rose to popularity in the mid seventies. Disco songs typically had a relentless beat; a complex rhythmic texture, usually with a 16-beat rhythm; and rich orchestration, typically an augmented rhythm section with horns and strings.

45
Q

When did disco become most popular?

A

In the mid 1970s, disco became very popular and was no longer an underground thing.

46
Q

Kraftwerk and Moroder

A

Kraftwerk was a 2 person German band, Giorgio Moroder was a German based producer who provided the musical setting for Donna Summer’s hits. Kraftwerk and Moroder exemplified the increasingly central roles of the producer and of technology. Disco became a producers’ music, even more than the girl groups of the sixties. Singers were mostly interchangeable, and disco used both acoustic and electronic instruments

47
Q

When was Donna Summer popular?

A

Her first hit was released in 1975. However, her career started before disco went mainstream and crested in the late 1970s

48
Q

Donna Summer

A

Disco artist. Giorgio Moroder was her producer, and they were known for their use of electronic instruments. Summers was one of the only disco singers that didn’t become interchangeable and was as important as the music in her songs. Most of her audience was gay people.

49
Q

The Village People

A

Created by Jacques Morali. Their look was more important than their sound- it was six guys dressed up as macho stereotypes among gay people. Their act was an inside joke- straight people bought the records and imitated their styles without realizing the gay undertones to the lyrics.

50
Q

Disco as a lifestyle

A

Disco was hedonistic- dancing was a prelude to more intimate forms of contact. It also had a look- wigs, tight and revealing clothes, glitter, and flamboyant accessories. Disco was also drug ridden- cocaine and sedatives became mainstream drugs.

51
Q

Reactions against disco

A

Disco opponents trashed the music and the culture. It was a reaction against disco’s many excesses, but there was also a strong homophobic undercurrent. Disco Demolition night in 1979 allowed White Sox fans to get into the park with a discount if they brought a disco record, and they made a pile of records in center field after the first game

52
Q

Disco as a dance fad

A

It was not surprising that disco faded out at the end of the 1970s- other dance fads had become popular and then faded out after a few years. Disco was a dance fad that emerged with the division of popular music into two related rhythmic streams- it was a period when the more active rhythms of black and black-inspired music became truly popular. It was more straightforward rhythmically, which sacrificed musical interest for accessibility to more dancers.

53
Q

The influence of disco

A

Disco was the gateway for the wholesale infusion of electronica. And it created a new kind of underground dance-club culture, which would continue through the eighties and flower in the nineties.

54
Q

Punk

A

A rock style that emerged in the late 1970s characterized musically by relatively simple instrumentation, rhythms, and production. The Ramones and the Sex Pistols were among the best-known punk bands.

55
Q

When did punk emerge?

A

The late 1970s

56
Q

Malcolm McLaren

A

White promoter and manager of the New York Dolls and the Sex Pistols (punk bands).

57
Q

What was the “look” of punk?

A

Spiked and colored hair, tattoos and body piercings, and torn clothes

58
Q

What was the purpose of punk?

A

It was a counterrevolution against the commercialization of mainstream rock. Punk sought to recapture the revolutionary fervor and the relative simplicity of early rock. It established a new direction in rock that continues to the present

59
Q

Where did punk take shape

A

New York, bands performed in small clubs located in Greenwich Village and Soho. CBGB was the most famous of these clubs.

60
Q

What were the major influences on punk in New York?

A

The Velvet Underground and the New York Dolls.

61
Q

The Velvet Underground

A

Embraced the New York City subculture and included it in their music. Their songs were dark, which foreshadowed punk’s “no future” mentality, and the sound of their music was often abrasive and minimalist. They presented a rejection of the artistic aspirations of the Beatles and other like-minded bands.

62
Q

The New York Dolls

A

Led by David Johansen. They were known for wearing makeup and cross-dressing outlandishly and for taking risks in performance. They were America’s version of David Bowie

63
Q

Patti Smith

A

The first major figure in the punk movement to emerge from the New York club subculture. Her music returned rock to its garage band spirit. Smith played an important role in the creation of this new/old style, and her presence made punk and new wave music more receptive to women than conventional rock

64
Q

When did punk take off in England?

A

After punk had taken off in the US, around 1976. This was due to the music of the Sex Pistols

65
Q

What did the attitudes expressed in punk reflect?

A

The “no future” mindset was nihilistic and reflected deeply rooted contradictions in everyday life during the seventies. The rights movements of the 60s had created a “we” mindset, but the 70s gave way to a “me” mindset where everyone looked out for themselves. The events of the 60s eroded class distinctions at a rapid rate, but there was a strong conservative backlash in both Britain and the United States. In addition, a prolonged recession gave working- and middle-class people little opportunity to take advantage of their new social mobility.

66
Q

Musical characteristics of punk

A

The power of punk comes through mainly in music. “Pure” punk songs are short, saying what they want to see quickly and moving on. Punk is loud, with guitarists and bassists using heavy distortion. Vocalists typically had a lack of sophistication- message was that anyone could front a band if they had the nerve. Tempos were fast, exceeding the pace of normally energetic movement

67
Q

The punk approach to rock rhythm

A

Punk restored the essence and power of rock rhythm by isolating it, saturating the rhythmic texture with it, and speeding it up. In punk, the “default” way of playing the rock rhythmic layer was simply to repeat a note, a chord, or a drum stroke over and over at rock-beat speed. The eight beat rhythm continues through the notes of the riffs, which were just overlay.

68
Q

How did punk make the “purer” form of rock rhythm stand out? (2)

A
  1. The entire rhythm section typically reinforced it- guitar, bass, and drums
  2. Favored explicit timekeeping over syncopation and other forms of rhythmic play.
69
Q

“God save the queen” (Sex Pistols, 1977)

A

The performing style features an abrasive vocal style, with loud speech more than singing. There is also heavy distortion in the guitar and bass. Uses a distilled and aggressive rock rhythm at a fast tempo, and guitar riffs are the most distinct melodic material. Distorted power chords help produce classic punk rock sound. The inflammatory message in lyrics is reinforced by aggressive musical setting

70
Q

Sex Pistols members (5)

A

Johnny Rotten (vocalist), Steve Jones (guitarist), Paul Cook (drummer) and bassists Glen Matlock and Sid Vicious.

71
Q

The Sex Pistols

A

A British punk band in the late 1970s. They didn’t have much musical skill originally, but were known for their ability to shock, provoke, confront, and incite to riot. Certain songs, like “God save the queen” and “Anarchy in the UK” express their agenda of overthrowing the ruling class. Many working-and middle-class youths were tired of the rigid class system that they inherited and foresaw a bleak future. The Sex Pistols’ songs encapsulated the frustration and rage they felt.

72
Q

When did the Sex Pistols break up?

A
  1. The Sex Pistols embodied the essence of punk in every respect, and were extremely influential. were enormously influential. No group in the history of rock had more impact with such a brief career.
73
Q

New wave

A

The “back to basics” movement within rock beginning in the late 1970s, featuring simplified instrumentation and basic chords and melodies. An early new wave band was the Talking Heads. This music began in small clubs, mainly in New York and London

74
Q

When did New Wave music begin?

A

Late 1970s

75
Q

What was the difference between punk and new wave?

A

Punk aims for the gut (making the audience feel something); new wave aims for the brain, or perhaps the funny bone (a reaction against prevailing tastes). New wave did express rage and frustration, but with more finesse

76
Q

New wave instrumentation

A

New wave bands favored a stripped-down, streamlined sound: guitar, bass, and drums, with the occasional keyboard. Instrumental solos were at a minimum; the primary role of the music was to enhance the words.

77
Q

Rhythmic texture of new wave instrumentation

A

The rhythmic texture was relatively clean, with little syncopation or rhythmic interplay.

78
Q

Talking Heads members (4)

A

David Byrne (lead singer), Chris Frantz (drummer), Tina Weymouth (bassist), and Jerry Harrison (guitarist/keyboardist).

79
Q

When was the talking heads formed?

A

1975

80
Q

Talking Heads

A

Punk/new wave band whose songs had considerable variety. Many of their early songs drew on rock and rhythm and blues. Manipulated familiar sounds to provide an instrumental setting that supported the vocals. the sound of Talking Heads was fueled more by imagination than by craft- the band created the most innovative sound world of the 70s

81
Q

Which member of the talking heads became the leader of the world music movement?

A

David Byrne, during the 1980s. Their last studio album, released in 1988, featured African musicians.

82
Q

The Clash band members (4)

A

Joe Strummer and Mick Jones (vocals and guitar), Paul Simonon (bass), and Topper Headon (drums)

83
Q

The Clash

A

Punk/new wave band. Many of their songs railed against political and social injustices. Each song has a distinct character and musical setting- the band was eventually at home in a variety of styles. More than any other group of the late seventies, the Clash demonstrated by example how to revitalize rock with words and music that mattered, because they refused to compromise

84
Q

What were the impacts of punk and new wave?

A

Punk and new wave restored the soul of rock and roll. The important bands resurrected rock’s sense of daring and amped it up well beyond what had gone before. Their music contains powerful political and social messages. It opened the door for those outside corporate rock as well. It also sharpened the edge of much rock-era music, even the pop of Michael Jackson and Madonna

85
Q

What were the musical impacts of punk/new wave?

A

It introduced a new conception of rock rhythm that would filter into numerous mainstream and alternative styles. In punk, the rock can be as brutally blunt in its musical message as in the lyrics. There is a synergy among attitude, words, and music that gives both punk and new wave unprecedented impact. The music was relatively simple so as not to distract from the message of the lyrics.

86
Q

What movement did punk/new wave influence in the 1980s?

A

The alternative movement that began in the early eighties continues the independent spirit that typified the punk and new wave music of the late seventies.

87
Q

K.C. and the sunshine band

A

An American disco and funk band which was founded in 1973

88
Q

Blondie

A

American rock band co-founded by singer Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein. A pioneer in new wave.

Pop rock and soul music (11 decks)

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