unit 12: nutritional considerations

Question 1

how many weeks does it take a fetus to develop into a fully formed human?

Answer 1

40 weeks

Question 2

what happens to the single cell days after fertilization? where does it get its nutrients?

Answer 2

• days after fertilization, the single cell divides rapidly to form a ball of cells and begins to differentiate and move to form body structures
• obtains energy from the fluid around it

Question 3

what happens within the first and second week of fertilization?

Answer 3

• a week after fertilization, developing embryo burrows into uterine lining
• after 2 weeks, implantation is complete and ball of cells is now an embryo

Question 4

what occurs during the embryonic stage? how long does it last?

Answer 4

• cells differentiate to form specialized cell types that make up the human body
• lasts until the 8th week
• by the end, embryo is 3cm long, has a beating heart, and fundamental internal/external structures

Question 5

where does the embryo receive its nutrients from?

Answer 5

• early embryo receives nourishment by breaking down uterine lining
• after 5 weeks, placenta takes over nourishment while secreting hormones that maintains pregnancy

Question 6

what occurs during the fetal period? where does the fetus get nutrients?

Answer 6

• from 9th week on, structures formed from the embryonic stage grow and mature
• fetus length increases from 3cm to 50cm
• placenta nourishes the fetus till birth

Question 7

what is the placenta?

Answer 7

• branch like projections that extend from the embryo into the uterine lining
• allows nutrients and oxygen to pass from maternal to fetal blood and waste products to be transferred from fetal to maternal blood

Question 8

what is the recommendation for food intake during pregnancy?

Answer 8

increase daily food intake by only two or three food guide servings

Question 9

how can you alleviate morning sickness?

Answer 9

can be alleviated by eating small, frequent snacks of dry, starchy foods

Question 10

why does constipation occur during pregnancy?

Answer 10

constipation is caused because the colon muscles are relaxed and less efficient & weight of the uterus puts pressure on the colon

Question 11

why is the a stronger urge to urinate during pregnancy?

Answer 11

as uterus grows, it puts pressure on the bladder increasing the urge to urinate

Question 12

why should protein be increased during pregnancy?

Answer 12

protein increased for synthesis of new blood cells, formation of placenta, enlargement of uterus & breasts, and growth of baby

Question 13

why should carbohydrates be increased during pregnancy?

Answer 13

carbohydrates increased to ensure that there is sufficient glucose to fuel fetal and maternal brains

Question 14

why should essential fatty acids be increased during pregnancy?

Answer 14

essential fatty acids increased because they are incorporated into the placenta and fetal tissue

Question 15

what is the life expectancy in Canada?

Answer 15

80.4 years old

Question 16

what are the 3 determining factors of how long an individual lives and the rate in which they age?

Answer 16

determined by genes, lifestyle, and environment

Question 17

why is it harder for the elderly to meet their recommended daily water intake?

Answer 17

• reduced sense of thirst

- mobility limitations

Question 18

why is dehydration a greater risk in the elderly?

Answer 18

kidneys are less efficient and there are medication that increase water loss

Question 19

why is the recommendation for vitamin B12 amongst elderly people?

Answer 19

consume foods fortified with vitamin B12 or taking a supplement because vitamin B12 in food is not absorbed efficiently due to atrophic gastritis

Question 20

wha are the 3 factors that increase malnutrition in the elderly?

Answer 20

1. physiological changes
   - decline in muscle size/strength
2. illness
3. use of medication

Question 21

what causes macular degeneration and cataracts? how can you prevents/slow damage?

Answer 21

• oxidative damage

- consuming foods with antioxidant nutrients may slow/prevent damage

Question 22

what is the DETERMINE checklist?

Answer 22

• used to identify elderly at risk of malnutrition

D isease
E ating poorly
T ooth loss/mouth pain
E conomic hardship
R educed social support
M ultiple medicines
I nvoluntary weight loss/gain
N eeds assistance in self-care
E lder over age 80