bolded terms Flashcards
what is bioavailability?
the extent to which the body can absorb/use a nutrient
what is a provitamin/vitamin precursor?
compound that can be converted into an active form of vitamin in the body
what is coenzyme?
organic non protein substances that bind to enzymes to produce activity
what is antioxidant?
substance able to neutralize reactive oxygen molecules and prevents damage
what is free radicals?
a type of highly reactive molecule that causes oxidative damage
what is beriberi?
thiamine deficiency disease causing weakness, nerve degeneration, and sometimes heart changes
what is neurotransmitter?
chemical substance produced by nerve cell that can stimulate/inhibit another cell
what is pellagra?
disease from niacin deficiency causing dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death
what are neural tube defects?
abnormalities in brain/spinal cord, results from errors during prenatal development
what is folic acid?
easily absorbed form of vitamin folate used in dietary supplement and fortified foods
what is macrocytic anemia/megaloblastic anemia?
reduction in blood capacity to carry oxygen characterized by abnormally large immature/mature red blood cells
what is pernicious anemia?
- macrocytic anemia resulting from vitamin B12 deficiency
- deficieny occurs when dietary vitamin B12 can’t be absorbed due to lack of intrinsic factor
what is intrinsic factor?
protein produced in stomach needed for absorption of vitamin B12
what is atrophic gastritis?
inflammation of stomach lining results in reduced secretion of stomach acid, microbial overgrowth, reduction in production of intrinsic factor
what is scurvy?
vitamin C deficiency disease characterized by bleeding gums, tooth loss, joint pain, fatigue
what is retinoids?
chemical form of preformed vitamin a: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
what is carotenoids?
natural pigments synthesized by plants and many microorganisms, giving yellow and red-orange fruits/vegetables colour
what is hypercarotenimia?
condition caused by accumulation of carotenoids in adipose tissue, causing skin to appear yellow/orange
what is parathyroid hormone?
hormone released by parathyroid gland acts to increase blood calcium levels
what is rickets?
vitamin D deficiency disease in children, characterized by poor bone development resulting from inadequate calcium absorption
what is osteomalacia?
vitamin D deficiency disease in adults, characterized by loss of mineral in bone, bone pain, muscle aches, increase in bone fractures
what is dehydration?
a state that occurs when not enough water is present to meet body’s needs
what is blood pressure?
amount of force exerted by blood in walls of arteries
what is water intoxication?
condition occurs when person drinks enough water to significantly lower sodium concentration in blood
what is minerals?
nutrition elements needed by body in small amounts to maintain structure and regulate chemical reactions and body processes
what is major minerals?
minerals required in diet in amounts greater than 100mg/day or present in body in amounts greater than 0.01% body weight
what is trace minerals?
minerals required in diet in amounts less than 100mg/day or present in body in amounts less than 0.01% body weight
what is cofactors?
inorganic ions/coenzymes required for enzyme activity
what is electrolytes?
positively/negatively charged ions that conduct an electrical current in solution, commonly refers to sodium, potassium, and chloride
what is hypertension?
blood pressure consistently elevated to 140/90mm Hg or greater
what is bone remodelling?
continuous process where small amounts of bone are removed and replaced by new bone
what is peak bone mass?
the max bone density attained at any time of life, usually occuring in young adulthood
what is osteoporosis?
bone disorder characterized by reduced bone mass, increased bone fragility, increased risk of fractures
what is menopause?
time in women’s life when menstrual cycle strops
what is post-menopausal bone loss?
accelerated in bone loss that occurs in women for 5 years after menstrual cycle stops
what is hemochromatosis?
inherited disorder resulting in increased iron absorption
what is heme-iron?
readily absorbable form of iron that is chemically associated with certain proteins found in meat, fish, and poultry
what is glutathiome peroxidase?
selenium containing enzyme that protect cells from oxidative damage by neutralizing peroxides
what is goiter?
enlargement of thyroid gland caused by deficiency of iodine
what is cretinism?
condition resulting from poor maternal iodine intake during pregnancy impairing mental development and growth in offspring
what is overweight?
being too heavy for one’s height usually due to excess body fat, being defined as having a BMI of 25-29.9kg/m (squared)
what is obese?
having excess body fat, defined as having a BMI of 30kg/m(squared) or greter
what is obesogenic environment?
setting that promotes excessive energy intake and low levels of physical activity resulting in increase of obesity rates
what is healthy weight?
weight minimizes health risks and promotes overall health
what is lean body mass?
body mass attributed to non fat body components such as bone, muscle, internal organs, also called fat free mass
what is body mass index?
measure of body weight relative to height used to compare body size with a standard
what is waist circumference?
measurement of tendency of visceral fat deposition
what is fitness?
set of attributes related to the ability to perform routine activities without fatigue
what is cardiorespiratory endurance?
efficiency of which the body delivers oxygen and nutrients needed for muscular activity to cells and transports waste from cells
what is aerobic capacity?
max amount of oxygen that can be consumed by tissue during exercise, also called max oxygen consumption
what is muscle strength?
amount of force produced by 1 contraction of a muscle
what is muscle endurance?
ability of a muscle group to continue muscle movement at submaximal intensity overtime
what is strength/resistance training exercise?
activity specifically designed to increase muscle strength, endurance, size
what is overload principal?
concept that the body adapts to stresses placed on it
what is endorphins?
compounds that cause a natural euphoria and reduce perception of pain under certain stressful conditions
what is overtraining syndrome?
collection of emotional, behavioural, and physical symptoms on the amount/intensity of exercise which exceeds an athlete’s ability to recover
what is creatine phosphate?
compounds stored in muscle that can be broken down quickly to make ATP
what is fertilization?
union of sperm and egg
what is implantation?
process by which a developing embryo embreds itself in the uterine lining
what is embryo?
developing humans through 2-8 weeks of fertilization
what is placenta?
organ produced from maternal/embryonic tissue, secretes hormones, transfers nutrients and oxygen from mothers blood to fetus and removes metabolic waste
what is fetus?
developing human from 9th week after fertilization to birth
what is low-birth weight?
birth weight less that 2.5 kilos, 5.5 pounds
what is very low birth weight
birth weight less than 1.5kilos, 3.3 pounds
what is lactation?
production/secretion of milk
what is large-for-gestational-age?
weighing more than 3 kilos at birth
what is pica?
abnormal craving for non food substances that have little to no nutritional value
what is gestational diabetes?
condition characterizes by high blood glucose levels developed during pregnancy
what is failure to thrive?
inability of child’s growth to keep up with normal growth curves
what is life expectancy?
average length of life for particular population of individuals
what is arthritis?
disease characterized by inflammation of joints, pain, and sometimes changes in structure
what is macular degeneration?
degeneration of portion of retina results in loss of visual detail and eventual blindness
what is cataracs?
disease of the eye resulting in cloudy spots on the lens, and sometime the cornea, that obscure the vision
what is dementia?
deterioration of mental state resulting in impaired memory, thinking, and/or judgement
what is alzheimers disease?
disease resulting in relentless and irreversible loss of mental function
what is food insecurity?
situation in which people lack adequate physical, social, or economic access to sufficient, safe nutritious foods that meet their dietary needs
what is infant mortality rate?
number of deaths during 1st year of life, typically expressed per 1000 live births
what is stunting
decrease in linear growth rate
what is nutrition transition?
series of changes in diet, physical activity, health, as poor countries become more prosperous
what is famine?
widespread lack of access to food due to disaster causing a collapse in food production and marketing systems
what is small for gestational age?
infants born on time but have failed to grow well in the uterus
what is preterm/premature?
those born before 37 weeks
what is atrophic gastritis?
inflammation of stomach lining causing reduction in stomach acid
what is subcutaneous fat?
- adipose tissue under the skin
- usually fat in hips and lower body
what is visceral fat?
- adipose tissue located around organs in the abdomen
- usually fat in abdomen
what is your aerobic zone?
when your heart rate raises to 60-85% of your max heart rate
what is the difference between fortification and enrichment?
- fortification is nutrients being added to food
- enrichment is nutrients being added back to food
