Chapter 5: Fats

Question 1

why has fat intake increased over the years?

Answer 1

caloric intake had increased

Question 2

what are lipids?

Answer 2

organic molecules that don’t dissolve in water

example) fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

Question 3

what are triglycerides?

Answer 3

• major form of lipids in the body

- 3 fatty acids attached to a 3 carbon molecule called “glycerol”

Question 4

what does hydrophobic mean?

Answer 4

doesn’t dissolve in water

Question 5

what are phospholipids?

Answer 5

• a lipid that contains a phosphorus atom

- allows water and fat to mix due to it’s hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

Question 6

what are sterols?

Answer 6

• a lipid that is composed of multiple chemical rings

- found in plants, lean/fatty parts of animal, and every cell in the human body

Question 7

what is a fatty acid?

Answer 7

a chain of carbons linked to hydrogen with an acid group at the end of the chain

Question 8

what role do fatty acids play in triglyceride function?

Answer 8

the type of fatty acid will determine triglyceride function

Question 9

what is the determining factor on whether a fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated?

Answer 9

fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated depending on whether there’s carbon to carbon bonds

Question 10

what is a saturated fat?

Answer 10

• no double bonds
• saturated with hydrogen bonds
• solid at room temperature (butter)
• common in animal products
• associated with cardiovascular disease

Question 11

what is an unsaturated fat?

Answer 11

• 1 or more double bonds
• no room for hydrogen atoms
• liquid at room temperature (canola oil)

Question 12

why is saturated fat associated with cardiovascular disease?

Answer 12

has high levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL), called “bad cholesterol”

Question 13

what type of chain do saturated fats have?

Answer 13

medium chain

• 6-10 carbons long
• quickly absorbed into blood stream
• less likely to be stored as fat
• saturated plant oils less susceptible to spoilage

Question 14

how does spoilage happen?

Answer 14

occurs when unsaturated bonds in fatty acids are damaged by oxygen

Question 15

what are 2 types of unsaturated fats?

Answer 15

1. monounsaturated fat

2. essential fatty acids

Question 16

what are monounsaturated fats?

Answer 16

• 1 double bond
• found in meat, olive oil, avocados, and nuts
• an increase in monounsaturated fats, decreases low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol

Question 17

what are 2 types of essential fatty acids?

Answer 17

1. alpha-linoleic acid (omega-3)

2. linoleic acid (omega-6)

Question 18

what is the function of essential fatty acids?

Answer 18

provide health benefits beyond normal fat benefits in the body

• important for phospholipid formations
• necessary for brain development in children

Question 19

what are eicosanoids?

Answer 19

• made from omega-3 and omega-6
• regulates blood clotting, blood pressure, and immune function
• decreases risk of heart disease

Question 20

what are symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency?

Answer 20

• dry skin
• liver abnormalities
• poor healing
• impaired vision
• growth failure

Question 21

what is hydrogenation?

Answer 21

process where hydrogen atoms are added to carbon double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids to increase shelf life

Question 22

what is the relation between trans fatty acids and heat disease?

Answer 22

increases the risk of heart disease because of it’s high levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and low levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL)

Question 23

what is an emulsifier? give an example.

Answer 23

substance that allows fat and water to mix

example) lecithin

Question 24

what is cholesterol?

Answer 24

• produced by liver and consumed in the diet

- needed to build cell membranes and make other hormones

Question 25

what is the relationship between cholesterol and heart disease?

Answer 25

- animal sources increase the risk of heart diseased because of the high consumption of saturated and trans fat - plant sources can held reduce cholesterol levels

Question 26

what is bile?

Answer 26

emulsifier that breaks down lipid droplets into small globules

Question 27

how does bile emulsify fat?

Answer 27

turns the hydrophilic end of the fat towards water and the hydrophobic ends towards other lipids

Question 28

what is the function of pancreatic enzymes in fat digestion?

Answer 28

digests triglycerides into globules

Question 29

what is a micelle?

Answer 29

formed in small intestines when products are surrounded by bile, facilitates absorption

Question 30

what are lipoproteins?

Answer 30

particles that transport lipids in the blood

Question 31

how are lipoproteins formed?

Answer 31

when substances that are not soluble in water are present, protein, phospholipids, and cholesterol form a lipoprotein

Question 32

what are chylomicrons?

Answer 32

- lipoprotein for triglyceride packaging | - too large to enter capillaries so they must go through the lymphatic system before entering blood stream

Question 33

what is lipase?

Answer 33

- a lipoprotein that promotes uptake of triglycerides in chylomicrons - breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 34

what are very low density lipoproteins?

Answer 34

consists of triglycerides that circulate in the blood

Question 35

what are low density lipopproteins?

Answer 35

- transports cholesterol to cells - made in body - increases risk of heart disease

Question 36

how is cholesterol eliminated from our system?

Answer 36

brought to the liver for elimination

Question 37

what are high density lipoproteins?

Answer 37

- picks up cholesterol from cells and transports it to the liver for elimination - made in body - decreased risk of heart disease

Question 38

what is the use of cholesterol?

Answer 38

used to make steroid hormones and important components of cell membranes and myelin coating

Question 39

what is adipose tissue?

Answer 39

- where most lipids are stored | - contains large triglyceride droplets that enlarge when weight is gained

Question 40

what are adipocites?

Answer 40

fat cells that are formed when triglyceride droplets reach it's maximum size and divide

Question 41

how do we store triglycerides?

Answer 41

chylomicrons transport fat from intestines to adipose tissue for storage

Question 42

how do we retrieve energy from fat stores?

Answer 42

- when we consume inadequate amount of calories, enzymes receive a signal to break down triglycerides - fatty acids and glycerol are released into the blood and circulate in the body - cells take up products to produce ATP

Question 43

what is cardiovascular disease?

Answer 43

any disease that affects the heart and/or blood vessels

Question 44

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 44

- when cholesterol enters artery walls reducing elasticity and limiting blood flow - develops when diets are high in trans fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol

Question 45

what is artherosclerosis plaque?

Answer 45

- cholesterol-rich material is deposited in arteries of individuals with atherosclerosis - consists of cholesterol, smooth muscle cells, fibrous tissue, and calcium

Question 46

what are the primary risk factors for heart disease?

Answer 46

- high LDL cholesterol - smoking - high blood pressure - physical inactivity - obesity - diabetes

Question 47

what are antioxidants?

Answer 47

substances that neutralize reactive oxygen molecules and prevent cell damage

Question 48

what is the adequate intake amount for linoleic acids in men and women?

Answer 48

- 12g for women | - 17g for men

Question 49

what is the adequate intake amount for alphalinoleic acids in men and women?

Answer 49

- 1.1g for women | - 1.6g for men

Question 50

what is the AMDR reccomendation of fat for children?

Answer 50

- 30-40% (1-3 years) | - 25-35% (3-18 years)