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NUTR 1100 > DIGESTION > Flashcards

DIGESTION Flashcards

1
Q

what is digestion?

A

the process in which food is broken down into smaller components to be absorbed in the blood stream

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2
Q

what is absorption?

A

the process of taking food from the gastrointestinal tract to the interior body

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3
Q

what is the function of the mouth?

A

chews and mixes it with saliva

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4
Q

what is the function of the salivary gland?

A

releases saliva which contains salivary amylase (an enzyme that speeds up the process of digestion)

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5
Q

what is the function of the pharynx?

A

swallows the bolus

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6
Q

what is the function of the esophagus?

A

moves the bolus to the stomach

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7
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

coordinated muscular contractions that moves food through the GI tract

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8
Q

what is the function of the liver?

A

makes bile

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9
Q

what is bile?

A

a digestive fluid- made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, released into the small intestine where it helps break down fat for absorption

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10
Q

what is the pancreas?

A

releases bicarbonate to neutralize any acid content, and other enzymes that help with digestion

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11
Q

what is the function of the small intestines?

A
  • absorbs nutrients into the blood

- where most digestion occurs

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12
Q

what is the function of the large intestines?

A
  • aborbs water and vitamins/minerals

- home to intestinal bacteria

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13
Q

what is feces?

A

body waste

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14
Q

what is transit time?

A

the time it takes for food to travel through the GI tract

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15
Q

what are enzymes?

A

protein molecules that speed up the reaction

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16
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

a reaction that uses water to break down large molecules

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17
Q

what is condensation?

A

a reaction where 2 small molecules combine to create a large molecule

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18
Q

what are the 5 tastes among the taste buds

A
  1. sweet
  2. salty
  3. sour
  4. bitter
  5. savoury (umami)
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19
Q

what is salivary amylase?

A

an enzyme in the saliva that breaks down starch molecules

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20
Q

give one example of mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

A

mechanical: chewing
chemical: enzymes such as salivary amylase

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21
Q

what is the function of the epiglottis

A

covers the opening to the lungs during swallowing

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22
Q

what is heartburn?

A

when acidic stomach contents lead back into the esophagus

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23
Q

what is chyme?

A

what the bolus is called when it is mashed and mixed with stomach acid

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24
Q

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine called?

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
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25
Q

what is the structural function of the small intestines?

A

it has a long length and many folds that provides a large surface area which maximizes absorption

26
Q

what is the function of bicarbonate?

A

neutralizes the acid to make the environment in the small intestines neutral for optimal enzymatic activity

27
Q

what is the function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A
  • a hormone that is released when amino acids and fats enter small intestine
  • delays stomach emptying
  • regulates secretion of digestion-promoting molecules
28
Q

what is the function of pancreatic amylase?

A

enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars

29
Q

what is the function of pancreatic protease?

A

enzyme that breaks down protein into amino acids

30
Q

what is the function of lipase?

A

enzyme that breaks down fat into fatty acids

31
Q

what is simple diffusion?

A

when salts freely move from high to low concentrations

32
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

when a carrier molecule is needed for substances to move from high to low concentrations

33
Q

what is active transport?

A

what a carrier molecule requires energy to move from high to low concentrations

34
Q

what is osmosis?

A

when water molecules freely move from low to high concentrations

35
Q

what are the 4 segments of the large intestine?

A
  1. ascending colon
  2. transverse colon
  3. descending colon
  4. sigmoid colon
36
Q

what is the intestinal microbiota?

A

bacteria that breaks down unabsorbed food and uses that food to feed itself

37
Q

how does fibre promote healthy excretion?

A

fibre absorbs water so when adequate amounts of fibre and water is consumed, feces can more easily be passed

38
Q

what is an antigen?

A

a substance found on disease causing agents that identifies them as foreign invaders

39
Q

what are antibodies?

A

proteins that interact with antigens to remove foreign invaders from the body

40
Q

what is an allergen?

A

a substance that causes an allergic reaction

41
Q

what is celiac disease?

A

a condition that triggers the immunne system to damage/destroy the villi of the small intestines when consuming gluten

42
Q

what is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

A

a chronic condition where stomach acid leaks into the esophagus

43
Q

what are peptic ulcers?

A

when the mucus barrier that protects the stomach, esophagus, and small intestine is penetrated, allowing acid and pepsin to damage the GI lining

44
Q

what are gallstones?

A

clumps of solid material that accumulate in the gallbladder or bile duct

45
Q

what is diarrhea?

A
  • frequent, watery feces

- when material moves through the colon (large intestines) too quickly and water is not absorbed

46
Q

what is constipation?

A
  • hard, dry feces
  • when water content of feces is too low
  • caused by lack of fibre and exercise, or a weak large intestine
47
Q

what are hemorrhoids?

A

frequent diarrhea and constipation which irritates the blood vessels that surrounds the anus

48
Q

what are lacteals?

A

lymph vessels in the villi that pick up fat particles

49
Q

what are capillaries?

A

small, thin-walled blood vessels where blood exchanges O2 and nutrients for CO2 and waste

50
Q

what are veins?

A

blood vessels that bring deoxygenated blood towards the heart

51
Q

what are arteries?

A

blood vessels that bring oxygenated blood away from the heart

52
Q

what is the function of the liver?

A
  • determines if nutrients are stored or delivered to cells
  • important for breaking down amino acids, proteins, and lipids
  • detoxifies substances that may be harmful (ex. alcohol)
53
Q

what is the function of the kidneys?

A

filters out water, miners, and nitrogen containing products to be excreted into the urine

54
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the chemical reactions that

  • breakdown molecules to produce energy
  • synthesize larger molecules requiring energy
55
Q

what is anabolism?

A

when larger molecules are synthesized and new bonds form, requiring energy

56
Q

what is catabolism?

A

the breakdown of molecules, releasing energy

57
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

cell organs that break down molecules to release energy

58
Q

what is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

a high energy molecules that the body uses to power through activities

59
Q

what is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

glucose + O2 –> water + CO2 + energy

60
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

the breakdown of glucose

NUTR 1100 (12 decks)

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