Unit 1.2: Microbial Taxonomy

Question 1

Earth formed about _ billion years ago

Answer 1

4.5

Question 2

First Bacteria Geological timescale

Answer 2

Hadean

Question 3

First Eukaryote Geological timescale

Answer 3

Archean

Question 4

_____ were the first 02 (oxygen) evolving organisms on earth

Answer 4

Cyanobacteria

Question 5

Responsible for producing oxic bacteria

Answer 5

Cyanobacteria

Question 6

Lethal to cells and can cause severe DNA damage

Answer 6

Ultraviolet radiation

Question 7

Stony structures built by colonies of cyanobacteria

Answer 7

Stromatolites

Question 8

Gram negative bacteria with oxygenic photosynthesis

Answer 8

cyanobacteria

Question 9

A steady and abundant supply of Hydrogen (H2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Answer 9

Hydrothermal Vent Theory

Question 10

It can support the abiotic production of molecules critical for the emergence of life.

Answer 10

Hydrothermal Vent Theory

Question 11

First replicating systems

Answer 11

RNA World

Question 12

arose from the engulfment of a bacterium capable of aerobic respiration into the cytoplasm of early eukaryotic cell

Answer 12

Mitochondrion

Question 13

arose from the stable incorporation of cyanobacterium-like cell into the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 13

Chloroplast

Question 14

sequence and structures

Answer 14

Evidence

Question 15

Depicts the evolutionary history of cells

Answer 15

Universal Tree of Life

Question 16

Root: all extant life shared a common ancestor, the LUCA.

Question 17

First living things were _, the dominant life form

Answer 17

Microorganisms

Question 18

Eukarya show greater sequence similarity to those of Archaea than to those of Bacteria

Question 19

The Three Domain System

Answer 19

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 20

Prokaryotes that have peptidoglycan in their cell wall, sensitive to traditional antibiotics

Answer 20

Domain Bacteria

Question 21

Prokaryotes that do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, not sensitive to some antibiotics, contain rRNA distinctly different from rRNA of Bacteria and live in extreme environments.

Answer 21

Domain Archaea

Question 22

Kingdom of animals, plants, and fungi.

Answer 22

Domain Bacteria

Question 23

Science of biological classification

Answer 23

TAXONOMY

Question 24

Greek: Taxis “_____”
nomos “_____”

Answer 24

Taxis: arrangement of order
Nomos “law is to assign to distribute or govern”

Question 25

Interrelated parts

Answer 25

Classification Identification Nomenclature

Question 26

divided living organisms into plants and animals

Answer 26

Aristotle

Question 27

CLASSIFICATION grouped organisms base on their characteristics (Natural classification system.)

Answer 27

Carolous Linnaeus

Question 28

classified all organisms in animals and plants as kingdom - five levels (Class, order, genus, species, and variety/strains

Answer 28

Carolous Linnaeus

Question 29

Father of taxonomy

Answer 29

Carolous Linnaeus

Question 30

Included microorganisms for the first time in the classification stems.

Answer 30

Ernst Haeckel

Question 31

classified all living organisms in animals and plants as kingdom ➡️FIVE LEVELS (Class, order, genus, species, and variety/strains)

Answer 31

Carolous Linnaeus

Question 32

five levels of kingdoms

Answer 32

class order genus species variety/strains

Question 33

Created five kingdom

Answer 33

Robert Whittaker

Question 34

Taxonomy uses three kinds of methods for the identification and description of microorganisms

Answer 34

Phenotypic Genotypic

Question 35

groups of organisms together based on mutual similarity of phenotypes.

Answer 35

PHENOTYPIC

Question 36

• does not classify bacteria according t o evolutionary relatedness • provides identification (determinative) schemes based on such criteria: - Cell wall composition - Morphology - Differential staining - Oxygen requirements - Biochemical testing

Answer 36

Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1923)

Question 37

an alternative or complement to established phenotypic methods

Answer 37

Genotypic

Question 38

description or analysis of organisms based on nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) or protein information.

Answer 38

Genotypic

Question 39

involves the use of conserved sequences among the organisms that have some variable region and are not transferred to another organism

Answer 39

Nucleic acid sequencing

Question 40

is a constituent of the ribosome

Answer 40

rRNA gene

Question 41

Used in gram staining

Answer 41

Cell wall component

Question 42

Classification of Bacteria

Answer 42

Gram negative (pink, red) Gram positive ( violet, blue)

Question 43

the quality of being cloudy

Answer 43

Turbidity

Question 44

comparison between closely related microbes

Answer 44

Variable regions

Question 45

comparison of distantly related microorganisms

Answer 45

Conserved regions

Question 46

For identification of eukaryotic microorganisms

Answer 46

18s rRNA

Question 47

For identification of fungi

Answer 47

ITS (inter-transcribed spacer sequence)

Question 48

For identification of bacteria

Answer 48

16S

Question 49

For identification of yeast

Answer 49

D1/D2

Question 50

rapidly producing millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA

Answer 50

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 51

PCR Components

Answer 51

DNA template Primers Tag polymerase Nucleotides Reaction buffer

Question 52

contains the target sequence of DNA for copying.

Answer 52

DNA template

Question 53

are short oligonucleotides of DNA (20bp), specific to the section of DNA to be copied

Answer 53

Primers

Question 54

is an enzyme that is required for DNA synthesis during the primer extension

Answer 54

Tag polymerase

Question 55

are used to create the complementary DNA strand

Answer 55

Nucleotides

Question 56

enables the chemical reaction to take place

Answer 56

Reaction buffer

Question 57

Devised by Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 57

Binomial System of Nomenclature

Question 58

Every organism is assigned two names or a binomial:

Answer 58

Genus name and specific epithet (species)

Question 59

both names are printed_____ or ______.

Answer 59

underlined or italized

Question 60

The initial letter of the Genus name is always _____, and that of the Species name is_____

Answer 60

CAPITALIZED LOWERCASE

Question 61

Homo sapiens The genus means _____; the specific epithet means _____

Answer 61

Genus = man specific epithet = wise

Question 62

Rhizopus stolonifer ______ describes rootlike structures on the fungus _____ describes the long hyphae

Answer 62

Rhizo- (root) stolo- (a shoot)

Question 63

arrangement of organisms into groups (taxa/taxon) based on their phenotypic similarity (physical characteristics) or evolutionary relationship.

Answer 63

Classification

Question 64

determination of taxon to which an isolate belongs. -Ex: Gram positive or Gram negative

Answer 64

Identification

Question 65

the actual naming of organisms and follows the binomial system of nomenclature.

Answer 65

Nomenclature