Unit 1.1 - Division + Differention Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cellular differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell expresses certain genes to produce protein characteristics for that type of cell this allows a cell to carry out specialised functions.

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2
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells

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3
Q

What can embryonic stem cells do?

A

Differentiate into all the cell types that make up the individual and so are pluripotent

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4
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A

All the genes in the cell can be switched on so the cell can differentiate into any type of cell.

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5
Q

What are adult tissue stem cells?

A

They are involved in the growth,repair and renewal of the cells found in the tissue they are multi-potent

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6
Q

What does multipotent mean?

A

They can differentiate into all of the types of cell found in particular tissue.

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7
Q

Where are adult tissue stem cells found?

A

Locations such as skin or bone marrow

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8
Q

What can stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into?

A

Red blood cells, platelets and the various forms of phagocytes and lymphocytes

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9
Q

What can stem cells be used for?

A

Model cells to study how diseases develop or for drug testing

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10
Q

How are stem cells employed therapeutically?

A

To repair damaged or diseased organs or tissues

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11
Q

How are the therapeutic uses of stem cells used?

A

Corneal repair or regeneration of damage skin

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12
Q

What does stem cell research provide?

A

Information on how processes such as cell growth, differentiation and gene regulation work

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13
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Any cell in the body other than cells involved and reproduction

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14
Q

What do somatic cells do?

A

Divide by mitosis to form more somatic cells

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15
Q

What are germline cells?

A

Gametes and the stem cells that divide to form gametes

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16
Q

What two ways can germline cells divide by?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

17
Q

What is one ethical issue of using stem cells?

A

It involves the destruction of embryos

18
Q

What happens to cells in a tumour?

A

They do not respond to regulatory signals and may fail too attached to each other

19
Q

How is a tumour formed?

A

Cancer cells divide excessively to produce a mass of abnormal cells called a tumour

20
Q

How do secondary tumours form?

A

The cells in the tumour fail to attach to each other and spread through the body.